ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN RISK MANAGEMENT Essay Example for Free

ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDITORS IN RISK MANAGEMENT Essay Effectiveness of Internal Auditing of institutions and bodies formed under Acts of Parliament has been less studied and reported in the literature. The study is focused in examining the relationship between the employees’ attitude and perception and the internal Audit’s effectiveness in delivering on their roles in a rapidly evolving environment and public’s awareness of their roles. The main aim of this research study is to better understand  and measure the effect of employee’s attitude and perception on the effectiveness of internal audit in public institutions, with National Social Security Fund as a case study. A survey of sampled 425 employees will be undertaken and the results of the quantitative and qualitative survey findings will be reported. The research is designed to be conducted using both quantitative and qualitative approaches by use of literature review, survey, and case study. Data will be collected from the chosen sample through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews as well as review of available documents and records targeting members of the Internal Audit. Data will be analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 11.0 tool, which is a computer based automated statistical tool and conclusions drawn; from the findings of the study, recommendations will be made which will help institutions to determine paradigm shift in attitude and perceptions by employees necessary to keep the internal audit as an effective critical function relevant in the future for robust public sector financial management and governance to assist organizations achieve their goals. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.0 Background to the Study. Traditionally, internal auditing in the public sector served as a simple administrative procedure to ensure compliance and it comprised mainly of checking for accuracy of transactions, pre-payment verification and control, counting assets and reporting on past events to various levels of management. However, combinations of factors in the social-political and economic discourse globally have led to greater citizen awareness and participation in the public sector governance. As a result, public institutions are moving towards higher levels of transparency, efficiency, accountability and integrity in the use of public resources. Consequently, the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA, 1999a) redefined internal auditing as: †¦. an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organization’s operations. It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by  bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes. This definition signifies that internal audit has undergone a paradigm shift from an emphasis on accountability about the past to improving future outcomes to help auditees operate more effectively and efficiently (Nagy and Cenker, 2002; Stern, 1994; Goodwin, 2004). Since, the definition equally serves both the private and the public sectors (Goodwin, 2004), it is used in this study as a basis to analyze public sector internal audit effectiveness. Internal audit is effective if it meets the intended outcome it is supposed to bring about. Sawyer (1995) states, â€Å"†¦ internal auditors job is not done until defects are corrected and remain corrected.† Van Gansberghe (2005) explains that internal audit effectiveness in the public sector should be evaluated by the extent to which it contributes to the demonstration of effective and efficient service delivery, as this drives the demand for improved internal audit services. Traditionally, ineffectiveness of internal audit has been as a result of understaffing, unqualified and nonprofessional staff and underfunding. Despite invigorated internal audit function with sufficient well trained, qualified and professional staff topped up with adequate funding in the public sector institutions such as National Social Security Fund (NSSF), and being charged with responsibilities of advising management on issues of policy and compliance, accountability, financial reporting, safeguarding of assets, risk management, prevention of fraud and on economic and efficient use of resources (PFA, 2003): there are continued incidences of budget deficits, unpaid utilities, unremitted pensions, unproductive investments, irregular payments, unaccounted for funds, loss of pension cash, non compliance with policies and procedures and general mismanagement of funds. A report by the Auditor General tabled in Parliament in June, 2013 indicated savers could have lost billions of shill ings in dubious transactions and shady land deals (SNP, June 6, 2013). There is urgent need to identify critical success factors to enable the internal audit to perform effectively the roles for which it is intended in the public sector financial management and governance. 1.1Statement of the Problem Public sector institutions have functional well funded internal audit departments with well qualified and professional staff whose role is to provide the management with re-assurance that internal controls systems are adequate and that they are complied with, that risk exposures are identified and addressed, and that fraud is quickly identified and inherently deterred. However, internal auditors have continued to be ineffective as envisaged by continued incidences of fraud and corruption, abuse of authority and outright financial mismanagement of massive scale due to perception and attitude issues towards their work. This precipitates the increased risk of financial failure of the institutions, poor and compromised service delivery, public agitation and political disaffection towards the government of the day. Little has been researched on the effect of employee’s perception and attitude on the effectiveness of internal auditors. This study therefore is meant to bridge that ga p by finding out to what extent the employee’s perception and attitude is attributed to ineffectiveness of the internal auditors thus affecting the delivery of assurance services `central to organization achieving its objectives. 1.2Purpose of the Research To determine paradigm shift in employee’s perception and attitude necessary to keep the internal audit as an effective and critical function relevant in the future for robust public sector financial management and governance. 1.3Objectives of the Research The research will be guided by the following objectives: 1. To determine the effect of perception and attitudes on the effectiveness of internal audit in the public sector financial management and governance. 2. To identify value addition services required to enhance relevance and effectiveness of the internal audit function in the public sector. 3. To identify the measures that would enhance or maintain better perception and more positive attitude by employees towards internal auditors. 1.4Research Questions The research questions of this study shall be: 1. How does employee’s perception and attitudes towards internal auditors affect internal audit effectiveness in the public sector financial management and governance? 2. Which value addition services are required to enhance relevance and effectiveness of the internal auditors and in effect ensuring they are perceived well? 3. What steps can be taken to ensure the employees continually maintain a positive perception towards the internal auditors so as to achieve organizational goals? 1.5Significance of the Study This study seeks to generate useful insights on how managing employee’s attitude and perception affects internal auditor’s effectiveness which then can be used by the government and public institutions. This promotes effectiveness in the role of internal audit functions in the public sector financial management and governance by addressing the employee’s attitude and perception. It can also be used by researchers for further research as this is a new area to be studied. 1.6 Basic assumptions of the study It is assumed that the respondents would be co-operative and provide accurate information when responding to the research questions. It is also assumed that the sample size to be chosen will be adequate to enable the researcher draw valid conclusions about the population. 1.7Limitations of the study Time constraint is a limiting factor because the study has to be concluded within a short time. Availability of funds is also a limiting factor to the study since the researcher is self sponsored. There is also no assurance that the respondents would return all the questionnaires duly completed, neither is there a guarantee that the subjects would respond to all the questions put forward to them comprehensively. The answers of some respondents may not be representative of the whole population. The condition of the subjects may affect their responses as emotions may be involved thus affecting their accuracy in responding. 1.8Delimitation of the study The study shall be restricted to three Branches of National Social Security Fund, within Rift Valley region. The study shall focus on how effectiveness of internal audit functions in public sector financial management and governance are affected by employee’s perceptions and attitudes. Public sector may be defined to include the Central Government, the courts, the National Assembly, the Senate, Constitutional Commissions, County Governments and institutions and bodies formed under an Act of Parliament. For precision and focus, the purpose of this study shall be restricted to public sector institutions formed under an Act of Parliament and case study is NSSF. Literatures on other independent variables are not to be studied as this research is to be narrowed down to employee’s perceptions and attitudes only. Due to time constraints and the budget, population to be studied is only narrowed down to NSSF staff which is convenient to the researcher within the province. On the methodology to be used, Telephone interviews wouldn’t be applied as it is unreliable, the employees may not cooperate, and is expensive than a candid face to face interview where all staff may be met in the same place as per their convenience. 1.9Organization of the study Chapter one provides a background on internal audit effectiveness, statement of the problem, purpose and objectives of the research, research questions that the study looks forward to answering, significance of the study, basic assumptions of the study, limitations to the study and delimitations of the study. Chapter Two outlines the various schools of thought on what constitutes internal audit effectiveness and factors affecting it, as expounded in various literatures available. Chapter three outlines the research design and methodology used for purposes of completing the study. It also describes in details research design, target population, sample, sampling procedure and data collection instruments. Chapter four will contain data analysis, presentation and interpretation while chapter five shall provide a summary of findings, discussion, conclusions and recommendations. This is followed by references and appendices sections. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter is will cover critical review of literature by other scholars and writers in relation to and the implication of employee perception and attitude on internal audit function and its effectiveness in the public sector financial management and governance. 2.1 Internal Audit Function Internal auditing is an independent, objective assurance and consulting activity designed to add value and improve an organizations operations (IIA, 2002). It helps an organization accomplish its objectives by bringing a systematic, disciplined approach to evaluate and improve the effectiveness of risk management, control, and governance processes (Collier, etal, 1991). With this description forming a foundation, the essential characteristics of an effective internal audit function can be framed. According to Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA, (1999), internal audit is an important part of the corporate governance structure within an organization. Corporate governance includes those oversight activities undertaken by the board of directors and audit committee to ensure the integrity of the financial reporting process. Three monitoring mechanisms have been identified in the corporate governance literature. They are external auditing, internal auditing and directorships (Anderson et al, 1997; William, 2000) as well as the audit Committee (IIA, 2003). 2.2Internal Audit Evaluation Evaluating the internal audit function is to examine how well it can detect errors within an organization as well as fraud that have received greater emphasis (Rittenberg Anderson, 2006). The internal audit function is an important function that has been shown to add value and reduce detected errors by external auditors (Godwin, 2003; Carcello, 2005). Farber (2005), observed that the objective of internal audit function is to improve on the effectiveness of risk management, control and governance. Nestor (2004)  observed that internal audit function is taken to be an important governance tool to protect corporations from internal criminal behavior. Further, the professional literature suggests that internal audit is a vital tool in fraud detection when assets are misappropriated by employees or outsiders (Carcello et al, 2005b; Rittenberg and Anderson, 2006). As a result of the increase in accounting scandals in recent years, the internal audit function has received impressive atte ntion as an important contributor to effective public sector financial management and governance. Furthermore, the issue of effectiveness of internal audit is indispensable because it will create improvement in the government ministries (Unegbu Kida, 2011). In line with this, consideration over the measurement of the effectiveness of internal audit function keep receiving significant challenges, consisting the finding of the best and relevant method for measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of internal audit (Bota Palfi, 2009; IIA, 2010; Spertus et al, 2010). In this vein, measurement of internal audit effectiveness should be considered because it has a role to play in achieving public sector objectives. Therefore, Arena and Azzone (2010), Chaveerug (2011) and Mihret et al, (2010) emphasize the need for future studies to examine the factors that influence internal audit effectiveness and the possible interactions among them. Equally, it is interesting to focus on the model that will lead to the strength of internal audit effectiveness (Aguolu, 2009). Consequently, many stu dies that have been conducted on internal audit effectiveness give more concern to private sector and the central government and its various ministries and departments. Internal Auditing of institutions and bodies formed under Acts of Parliament has been less studied and reported in the literature. 2.3Internal audit effectiveness: The word â€Å"effectiveness† have been defined by different researchers, for instance Arena and Azzone (2009) defined effectiveness â€Å"as the capacity to obtain results that are consistent with targets objective,† while, Dittenhofer (2001) view effectiveness as the ability toward the achievement of the objectives and goals. In the same context, a program can be seen as effective if its outcome goes along with its objectives (Ahmad et al, 2009; Mihret et al, 2010). In this situation, internal audit effectiveness means  the ability of the internal auditor to achieve the established objective within the public sector institution. This goes along that the objectives of an internal audit for every organization depend on the goals set out by the management of the organization (Pungas, 2003) as such, the objective of internal audit in public sector institutions should also go a long with the set up goals by the management of the particular institutions and Acts of Parliament that established them. With regard to that, the internal audit should be able to achieve the established objective in order improve the performance of the organization. Consequently, to determine whether the internal auditing function is operating effectively or not, some things have to be considered which include; identification of the basic objective of internal auditing; define the goals to be accomplished by the internal auditing and establish measures that will assist toward the achievement of those goals (Aguolu, 2009; Dittenhofer, 2001) while Cassandra et at (2008) argued that in order to achieve internal audit objective, three basic c onditions must be satisfied i.e. independence; organizational status; and objectivity, also (Feizizadeh, 2012) consideration was that, for an internal audit function to achieve high levels of effectiveness these four items must be consider; goes along with stakeholder needs; achieves best to his abilities; complies with relevant professional standards and; performance measures. Thus, Beckmerhagen et al (2004) also argued that the audit effectiveness should not be measured based on achievement of the audit objectives or on the number of findings of the internal auditor alone, but also more important is to determine the quality and suitability of the audit plan, execution and follow-up. Similarly, Shareholders have the power to remove any internal auditor that is ineffective (Dhamankar Khandewale, 2003). This should also be the case in public sector, where internal auditors that are not effective despite the provision of all necessary measures that might have improved their effectiveness, should be removed by the stakeholders. Generally, researchers have also indicated some of the reasons behind the ineffectiveness of internal audit to include; ineffective management controls, non clear definition of objectives by some organizations and inadequate support from top management (Ahmad et al, 2009; Dittenhofer 2001; Unegbu Kida, 2011). Therefore, in line with their findings, the implications of an ineffective internal audit in a public sector management can lead to; the possibility of the emergence of fraud; low or non compliance with internal policies and procedures; ineffective financial decision for successful operation (Unegbu Kida, 2011). Hence, the effective internal audits carry out an independent evaluation of the financial and operating information and systems and procedures with a view to provide good recommendations for improvements (Mihret Yismaw, 2007; New Delhi, 2006). That is why proper internal organization is also essential factor that lead to the achievement of internal audit effectiveness. Similarly, internal audit effectiveness can also be enhanced by ensuring consistency in the documentation of audit work, quality of reporting and proper implementation of their recommendation (Mihret Yismaw, 2007). Therefore, having such effective internal audit within organization, will automatically helps to achieve performance and profitability and prevent in loss of revenues particularly in public sectors (Vijayakumar Nagaraja, 2012), even though Pilcher Gilchrist and Singh (2011) observed that efficiency and effectiveness of audit in a public sectors context is more complex than in the private sectors. Several studies have been conducted on the internal audit effectiveness. For example the study carried out by Ahmad et al (2009) on the effectiveness of internal audit in Malaysian public sector, using simple percentage for data analysis found the lack of audit staff is ranked as the major problem faced by internal auditors in conducting an effective internal auditing. The study concluded by suggesting that future studies should adopt other methods such as field survey of wider groups of internal auditors both in public and the private sectors. Likewise, Theofanis, et al (2011) examine the relationship between element of internal control system and internal audit effectiveness and the result of the study reveal positive relationship between the two relationships. Even though the studies used only 52 Hotels in Greek as a sample and mail survey for data collection, but at conclusion they suggest that if future studies should carried out research on internal audit effectiveness with large sample, the result will be better than their own. Also Feizizadeh (2012) carried out study on strengthening internal audit  effectiveness and found that most of the companies measure and quantify the performance effectiveness of their business activities. Therefore, looking at the above studies, they consider the effectiveness of internal audit at company’s level, hotels and banks ignoring such effectiveness at local level. In this vein, this study extends the previous study through examining such effectiveness at public sector institutions and mainly on the employee perception and attitude which many did not cover. 3.4 Conceptual Framework Figure 1: Conceptual Framework of factors influencing Internal Audit CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.0Introduction This chapter will focus on the methodologies used for the study which will include: research design, study area, identification of the target population, sample selection method and size, data collection techniques, data analysis methods and the anticipated constraints. 3.1 Research design The study will adopt a cross sectional survey design where both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis will be used. The respondents will be selected from different departments within the branch; this includes; managers, Internal Audit, Human Resource, Information technology staff, Finance and Accounts staff of NSSF. 3.2Scope of the study The study will be carried out at NSSF Branches at Nandi Hills, Kericho and Sotik in Rift Valley Region. All information and respondents targeted to participate in the study are expected to be easily accessible in the offices situated in these places. Other variables will not be considered in this study. It is limited to the attitude and employees’ perception 3.3Population The public sector in Kenya constitutes the central government and the allied ministries and departments, the county governments and the related departments, the courts, constitutional commissions and institutions and bodies formed through Acts of Parliament. It is the single largest employer of internal auditors, but the target population for this study within the NSSF will include and be stratified as: Branch Managers, Accountants, and other staff, totaling 425 possible respondents. 3.4Sample Selection and Size A purposive sample is used. Accordingly a survey type of research will be adopted in which a sample from the target population will be used for the study. The total staff population in NSSF is 1455. To arrive at the sample size for the purpose of this research study, a sample size calculator is used. By putting the confidence level at 95% and a confidence interval of 4, the sample size needed to be selected is from the 1455 employees will be 425 which represent 29.2% of the sample target population. This represents an average of a third of the total number of members of staff and will be representative enough for this research. It is distributed as shown in the table below: Composition of staff with NSSF Kenya for the purpose of the research working. Category Target Population Target Sample Percentage of target population Managers

External Influences Affect All Firms Essay example -- Papers

External Influences Affect All Firms Many businesses are quite capable of organising themselves internally, however this does not guarantee complete business success. Businesses have many outside pressures to face, which can become quite complicated to manage. These are called external influences. There are many factors that can affect a business, of which the market is just one. Businesses are tremendously influenced by the markets in which they trade. The size of a business does this: whether it is local, national or even international will affect the nature of the product that they supply and also the quantity. Competition is also a factor that can influence the rise or fall of a business. Communications and methods of transportation such as the delivery of products by air have made the competition in the market place more intense. Many businesses in the United Kingdom now face competition from other continents from around the world. A good example of this is the UK grocery market where the competition had become fiercer following the coming of foreign supermarket chains such as Aldi. Also new products, price changes and take-overs of other businesses can be a big influence. Economical influences are a factor too. Interest rates are the priced paid for borrowed money, this can affect businesses because every month the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) assembles each month and decides on whether to alter the base rate of interest. So if the MPC decide to alter the base rate of interest this could have sufficient implications for businesses. A rise will result in greater overheads for most businesses,... ...he long run as they buy the product. In conclusion to the title of this essay, 'External Influences Affect All Firms, To What Extent Do You Agree With This Statement?' I believe that this statement is very honest. From the evidence I have given in this essay it is clear that there are a lot of factors that influence and affect businesses. Take the climate, may seem small compared to the other factors, but it has a significant affect if it takes the wrong path. Also the obvious factor - the market itself, its size can cause many problems. Basically every business if it's a large company set in the heart of London, or a small corner shop down the road has to take each factor into consideration to maintain their business stays afoot. Although its hard and definitely impossible to grasp to a full one hundred percent.

Cultural Diversity Presentation Essay

This presentation that I will be displaying is to demonstrate the schools, parents and teachers the importance of English language learners and to encourage all parents to get involved and be part of the school culture activities. The involvement is important in assisting students in the schools. Also these courses and affiliations to include families, parents are to value the support and raise the level of their participation, whereas students progress their accomplishment, way of thinking, and manners. Seeing as parent taking part is so significant, the presentation symbolizes a way to aid parents and to become more effective member in their children’s schooling, as well as maintaining their educational accomplishment, and support them to take the most thorough educational programs offered by their schools they go to. The three activities in which I will be displaying is based on the belief that actual parental participation schooling must present families useful guidance to brace their kid’s learning. Throughout these presentations, families will discover the choices and openings obtainable to students from all social factors and cultural groups and realistic approaches to persuade and encourage their kids as they take on the challenging school classes in elementary, middle or public high school. Goals: The major aims of the parent’s participation and training are to: 1. Improve teachers’ understanding of ideas to better intersect cultural interaction with families; 2. Improve family’s understanding on the advantages of parental participation in their kid’s education. 3. Present family with data about cultural diversity and the vital importance of their kid’s involvement in such program as this; 4. Make available to families certain ideas to assist their kids to sign up in cultural programs. Diversity and Cultural Contact Communication: Discovering and understanding more about each other and our students as associates of an exclusive cultural and verbal population is an essential idea of raising the value of interaction among educators, classmates, parents, and schools. Families who are not customary with the United States instructive academic procedure are confronted with extra disputes in their specific school participation. For example, families who were raised in different nations might act in a way steady with the means they were proposed to conduct in the lands where they were raised. In various nations/ethnicity, families are not likely to participate in the school learning activities other than assist with research and go to irregular celebrations. The American school method believes that families will take some accountability for their kid’s achievement in proper learning by fitting energetically drawn in with the school and assisting their kids. The probability is that families will be occupied not only with the obligation of homework but also with particular assignments and other linked interest. In several nations the task of the families and the task of the school are harshly outline and separated. Close relative have an important obligation to implant manner and correct conduct in their kids. It is the school’s task to implant educational understanding. Teachers may be alleged as possessing not only the accountability but also including the right to make all instructive choices about their learners. In adding together, numerous linguistically and settler families are not alert of their human rights and the dissimilar function that they can have in their own school structures. Once the parents of migrant youths have no comprehension of the learning procedure, they might sense that they are leaving behind their kids to the big, unfamiliar planet that their kids now fit in to, other than families do not. They might turn out to be puzzled, alarmed, and irritated. These arguments can generate a meaning of anguish and stress. Schools can assist parents in the course of shifting into the United States typical ethnicity by making them sense that they are wanted and worthy. While parents comprehend how they can maintain their kid’s schooling and once schools discover the means to lecture to and integrate these parents’ cultural offerings, every person gains. Activity 1 The participations of families Aim Activity one: Recommend families with information about the encouraging influence of parental participation. Estimated time involves: One hour and a half Supplies: Indicator Marker and White board Topic Number one: When families get concerned in their kid’s schooling. Your best course of action: Warm-up Activity number one (15 minutes): Previous to opening the activity make clear the specific grounds of this gathering. Then have every single close relative present him or herself and speak for a moment about his or her point of views of the value of teaching in their kids’ lives. Carry a Full Group Activity: Give a (15 minute). For a little time explaining the vital stages of family participation and the way in which they can encouragingly influence their kid’s schooling. Group Activity number one (30 minutes): Include close relatives to play a role in the next task. Split the close relatives into little groups of four. Request the families to consider the way in which they can help their children to perform better in school. Persuade them to give examples of ideas they presently use to help their kids. Include the group to take a public official and a host. Include every single group to list their own individual ideas on the white board. Make certain that the families believe and feel happy with these functions. But if required, you or a school spokesperson may need to assist them to proofread and offer their strategies. Group Activity number two (30 minutes): To track the action, asking families to go in return to their previous role and place their ideas in conditions of their usefulness. â€Å"Which of these ideas has been generally most victorious? † Include the group to rephrase the ideas in class society. When this activity is finished, include dissimilar groups to split their ideas. It is essential to allow the families to present their own individual grades. There are no right or incorrect answers. If families talk in dissimilar languages, attempt to have families who converse the identical language in the matching group to permit them to talk in their natural language if they desire. Also adding on, it is vital to have translators to assist affiliates of the group converse with one another if various affiliates of the group are not English skilled. Activity 2 Make a Change in your Kid’s Life! Aim Activity two: To give emphasis on the strength that parental might have in their kid’s educational lives when they get included. Estimated time involves: One hour and a half Supplies: Indicator Marker and White board Your best course of action: Carry a Full Group Activity: Give a (15 minute). To recite it out loud or you might have one of the close relatives read it to the group. Group Activity number one (30 minutes): Make it possible to facilitate a conversation between families. Offer and help to facilitate conversation on the inquiry: â€Å"like having you encountered similar related circumstances? What would you do or say? What was the response of your act? † Write down family’s answers on the white board. Group Activity number two (30 minutes): Split the group into little bunches. Request every single group to talk about the following inquiry: (A) what type of input or means of the school should you require to turn into a good supporter for your kid? Have the group write down their strategies on a single sheet of paper. Then share those thoughts with the whole group. Evaluating the answers to the inquiries – (15 minutes) Closing the comments – (15 minutes) The instructor will momentarily outline the ideas and the data presented to him or her from the groups and persuade the families to use the offerings and ideas to make certain that their assistance to their kids will be successful. Activity 3 Encouraging Your Kid’s School Accomplishment Aim Activity three: The aim of Activity three is to offer families truthful aims and actions that will allow them to support their kids to start setting up for university at a young age. Estimated time involves: One hour Supplies: Indicator Marker and White board Your best course of action: Carry a Full Group Activity: Give a (30 minute). To explain the importance and demands of a university and the difficult activities they may encounter. How to gain college credits in the period time there are in high school. What type of classes will assist them to be successful at a university and finish a degree? What guidance counselor they should speak to about workshops, financial aid document for students. Educators need to also explain to the parents about the amount time and work that their kids have to do and how they are being graded. Introductory Activity: Give a (30 minute). Welcoming an ex-former successful student to a meeting classroom to share his or her progress experiences in the university with present students which are also helpful. Expending families’ supportive and assistance is also very vital to students’ accomplishment. Together the parents and students ought to study about the significance of get ready for a university while in high school and the necessity of a college learning to accomplish a profitable career. Conclusion: Educators need to present families with necessary educational material on hand to support functioning school meetings and high educational prospects. We need to increase parent participation and expectations that way they can really and openly influence the progress of a stressed student. These classes are offered to parents as an important offering tool which is at their access. Educators need to supply the information, instruction guidelines and at home tactics. Families also need to work with their kids at home at a suitable time. If mutually families and educators play their task in this affiliation, they can develop a beneficial relationship where the child obtains the gains. This activity, which provides a cultural diverse program which can be utilized as a method of interaction between families and educator. The presentation provided as well the information and methods to families to allow them to become more concerned in their kid’s schooling. The presentation will determine the changes in families handling and insight of the activity establish on study and discussion. Reference: Syrja,R. C. (2011). How to reach and teach English Language Learners: Practical Strategies to ensure success. San Francisco,CA: Jossey-Bass. Increasing Student Achievement by Increasing parent Involvement By Dr. Cynthia fusilier Director of Curriculum New Brighton area School District http://www. slideshare. net/NBASD/parent-involvement-presentation Graves, S. L. (2007). Influences on preservice teachers’ beliefs about family involvement and cultural diversity: An exploration of mentoring relationships. (Order No. 3393768, The Pennsylvania State University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 233-n/a. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/304840371? accountid=32521. (304840371). Sturz, D. L. , & Kleiner, B. H. (2005). Effective management of cultural diversity in a classroom setting. Equal Opportunities International, 24(5), 57-64. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/199537956? accountid=32521

The Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution Essay

The Bill of Rights contains the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. These first ten amendments were ratified on December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights define and interpret constitutional rights and protections that are guaranteed under the US Constitution. The following text is a transcription of the first ten amendments to the Constitution in their original form. â€Å"Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Amendment II A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Amendment III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be pres cribed by law. Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Amendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a GrandShow MoreRelatedThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution914 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a bill of rights? What is an amendment? How are the different? A bill of rights is a formality such as the Declaration of Independence and it is the outline of what the citizens feel their born rights are as people of a union. 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AmendmentsRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution Essay1866 Words   |  8 PagesThe bill of rights is the ten amendments to the United States Constitution, approved on December 15, 1791, and written by James Madison as a response to calls from several States for greater constitutional protection for Individual freedoms, such as freedom of Speech. It creates many legal principles that have had a crucial effect on law and society. The bill of right was added to the Constitution of the United States to assurance the protection of the people from the government. It was served toRead MoreThe Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution Essay753 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution has ten amendments in the first part. The 2nd amendment in the Bill of Rights is The Right to Keep and Bear Arms. The 2nd amendment The Right to Keep and Bear Arms states that â€Å"A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a Free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (USConstitution). The 2nd second amendment allows any United States citizen to own any type of arm. It allows you to be armedRead MoreGeneral George Washington And His Continental Army Had1643 Words   |  7 Pagesdefeated the English Army. In 1776, the founding fathers of the United States of America signed the Declaration of Independence, according to ushistory.org 60 delegates signed the document that granted the country we know today as the United States free from British rule.Some of the men that inked their name into American history were Thomas Jefferson. Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Hancock. From that point on the United States was an independent nation. Being an independent nation means theRead MoreUnited States Of America Constitution845 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States of America Constitution The United States of America is by far the most successful Republic governed country in the world and has managed to survive for over 223 years. The success can be contributed to the foundation that the farmers created, which is the United States Constitution. The framers knew that with time the needs of the people would evolve due to changes in society. That being said, they knew that the regulations in the Constitution would need to be adjusted or expandedRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights By James Madison And Influenced By George Mason1078 Words   |  5 Pageswhich the bill of rights was written by James Madison and influenced by George Mason was the United State of America in the late seventeen hundreds. The bill of rights has many differences from an amendment. The constitution is the bases of the bill of rights. The federalist and the anti federalist had different views in which the bill of rights came into play. Many people in the United States did not want a government that reflec ted the England government. One will look at what is the bill of rightsRead MoreGovernmental Foundation in the Declaration of Independence Essay867 Words   |  4 Pages On July 4, 1776, the United States of Americas Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This document, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson, announced that the thirteen colonies were declaring their independence and, in doing so, were independent states apart from the British Empire. The Declaration of Independence is comprised mainly of colonial grievances and assertions of human rights. The Declaration of Independence formed aRead MoreUnited States Vs. Virginia Constitution. In A Quick Observation,1115 Words   |  5 PagesUnited States VS. Virginia Constitution In a quick observation, it may be easy to observe that the Constitution of Virginia is much larger in length and detail than the United States Constitution. There are many differences between these two constitutions besides the authors or contributors being that James Madison contributed to both, however, he was not the complete author of the Constitution of Virginia (Constitutions of Virginia). Both Constitutions have the same idea in which it holds threeRead MoreThe United States Bill Of Rights882 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States Bill of Rights was created in September 25, 1789 and ratified December 15, 1791. The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the Constitution that were established to defend our rights as individuals and as American citizens. The Bill of Rights describes the rights of its people. The first four articles of the amendments deal specifically with the balance of power between the federal government and state government. There were some people who opposed to the Constitution because

The Problem Of Gangs And Violence - 995 Words

The problem of gangs and violence are commonly found in Chicago, especially during the night time. Although the rate seems to be lower compared to the past, the violence rate is still shocking compared to other states. Therefore, violence in Chicago s neighborhoods and communities cannot be overlooked. Statistics show that 1,109 school-aged youth were shot, and 216 of those were killed in 2010. As a student of UIC, I often receive crime alert emails as violence cases seemed to occur quite often around the campus area. In order to improve the public security to ensure residents’ safety, it is essential to find ways to solve these issues. It is because violence can cause negative effects in many different aspects. Besides individual’s physical well being, it may also lead to some long-term psychological problems; such as anxiety, eating and sleeping problem. Moreover, violence also affects the community as it became unsafe to live in. The value of the properties will decr ease because the quality of life became worse. These days, Chicago launched a ‘cure violence’ program to help prevent the violence, and this program is managed by the Chicago Project. The social problem this community intervention is trying to remedy is to lower down the cases of shooting and killings on the streets. As it could be challenging to change the individuals’ behaviors within a short period of time, this program focuses on developing protecting services towards the population that may have anShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Gang Violence1356 Words   |  6 PagesGang violence has grown to be a great problem in El Salvador in the last 30 years. Gangs have grown into large, complex organized crime units; the two largest gangs, MS13 (also known as Mara Salvatrucha 13) and Barrio18 (also known as Calle18), now encompass large parts of Central America. Both gangs rely heavily on local drug-peddling, which drives most of the general gang violence. The desire for control over certain areas had forged a fier ce rivalry, in which civilians are often endangered whenRead MoreThe Problem Of Gang Violence917 Words   |  4 Pages I already had personal knowledge about gangs but after taking this class, I have a much better understanding about them. From what I ve seen and heard, gangs are and will always be a part of our society. As we ve learned in this class, they have been around for hundreds of years. One thing that came to my mind while I was talking to my husband was pirates. They have territories over seas and anyone that passes their water gets robbed, in today s gangs it s a different setting but the same conceptRead MoreGang Violence : A Serious Problem1561 Words   |  7 PagesGang violence is a serious problem in America today, and it is also prevalent in the other countries in the world. â€Å"According to a national gang survey, the most recent estimate indicates that there were about 760,000 gang members in 24,000 gangs in the United States in 2004† this just supports the statement that it is a huge problem in the United States (Cooper, 2009, p. 1). Unfortunately, the Youth of America and these other countries have been a large demographic of these gangs for many yearsRead MoreThe Community Problem of Gangs and Related Violence1049 Words   |  4 PagesThe community problem of gangs and related violence is prevalent all over the United States. Young people join gangs for a variety of reasons. Some may feel isolated from their general school or social communities and search out the connections and community affiliation offered by gangs. Others are seduced by the importance attached to generally laudable qualities like loyalty and honor. In a gang setup, however, these are generally proven by violent or criminal activities. Some young people couldRead MoreEssay about Gang Violence: Problem on the Rise1896 Words   |  8 Pagesever say, when I grow up I want to be in a gang? According to the National Gang Th reat Assessment there are over one million gang members in California and over forty percent are under the age of eighteen. Just in Fresno alone there are over twelve thousand gang members and over 500 gangs (Overend). Gang violence is a growing problem and if we don’t try to control it now it will be a bigger problem in the future. According to the National Gang History, gangs started out in India in the year 1200 ADRead MoreWe Must Raise A Red Flag The Size Of Vatican City Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pageshad problems when it comes to gang violence, but only recently has this violence escalated to the immense issue it is today. I only just recently moved to Denver, and I can already tell that gangs are a major problem here-- that should raise a red flag the size of Vatican City. As an educated African American who has grown up in less-than nurturing environments, I have had much contact with gang members and witnessed gang activity. I extremely urge the policy makers, law enforcement, and gang members--gangRead MoreViolence Is An Everyday Act That We Have Seen In Society,1588 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is an everyday act that we have seen in society, and in result has become a problem. Gang violence, on the other hand, has been a social problem of violence for decades in the United States. In particular, it has been a serious problem in California that is has been known to be the â€Å"gang capital† in the United States, and a problem in a local scale. According to â€Å"FBI.org† , there are over 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs(FBI, 2015). Consequently, this bringsRead MoreChicago Gangs and History Essay1307 Words   |  6 PagesChicago Gangs, Then and Now with Solutions Nick Crot Marist High School Abstract This paper deals with gang violence in the city of Chicago since the beginning of time. It takes a deep look into the history of Chicago gangs and how they interact today. Also the past problems the City of Chicago made when dealing with gangs and the problems that gangs today have and how Chicago has the worst gang problem in the country. Also how gangs have turned themselves into big, and lucrative enterprisesRead MoreGang Violence And The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have been a part of American culture in the United States since the early 19th century when immigrant youth organized themselves into street gangs as a means of urban and economic survival. Today, gang violence has reached an almost catastrophic level in the United States. Criminal street gangs have become one of the most serious crime problems in California. Gang violence accounts for one of the largest personal threats to public safety for nearly all the cities in this state. Salinas, CaliforniaRead MoreGun Violence1218 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Gangs In Our Communities By: Adam Taylor What set do you claim? Isn’t that a question we all hear at some point in our school years and maybe sometimes even after. Well I remember being in elementary school and not having to worry about nothing but recess. Those were the days of no worries and no stress. Then came middle school and that’s when things begin to change. Middle school is more about who you hang out with and how you dress. That’s where most of it starts. At the level of middle

What Is Drug Abuse Warning Network - 845 Words

Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) is a health surveillance program targeting patients from medical examiners, those in hospitals. The program also utilizes samples obtained from the victims who have died and taken to the mortuaries (Maxfield Babbie, 2017). The information, in form of data, is gathered from individuals who report to the hospitals due to drug ingestions or those who have been injured or killed, in which drug intoxication was a contributor. The study population was 380,000 episodes of drug abuse that was gathered from sampling frame of patients from 242 hospitals which were sampled from 66 metropolitan areas. Collectively, the participating hospitals surrender information to the Drug Abuse Warning Network for analysis.†¦show more content†¦Correspondingly, victimization surveys utilize specialized software, which not only expands use of this surveying technique but improve quality for analyzing local crime. Self-reporting crimes are the best survey for measuri ng crime that does not have recognized victims. Similarly, self-reporting surveys is significant for providing data regarding discrete crimes such as shoplifting, which can also be associated with drugs abuse. According to Maxfield Babbie (2017), local surveys are advantageous and efficient in that they can be conducted by the local government, community organizations, police department and other researchers. Besides, local crime surveys constitute valuable tool for citizens, public officials and many communities. UCR, SHR, NCVS provide the best counts for crime or murder cases especially if the victim was doing business or had commercial establishment. Information from NCVS, an acknowledged national survey, is highly reliable because it contains information regarding assaults as well as the information that has not been reported to the police (Maxfield Babbie, 2017). According to (Maxfield Babbie (2017), While NCVS survey is reliable for providing data regarding assaults and unreported cases, it is not useful in estimating victimization cases in states and citiesShow MoreRelatedTeen Suicide Essays1064 Words   |  5 Pages Each year, thousands of children are dying, not from cancer, getting shot, or car accidents, but by their own hands. They make the choice to take their lives; they commit suicide. To begin, what is â€Å"Suicide†? According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, suicide is the act or instance of taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally. The number of teenagers who take their lives is rapidly increasing each year. Teen suicide is escalating out of control and no one seems to realize just how severeRead MoreTeen Suicide Is A Complicated Tragedy1476 Words   |  6 Pagesconfidence, and they feel victimised by others so they exclude themselves from the real world. Adults are often unaware of what challenges teens are faced with today because in this universe, everyone is self-orientated. Not one child is the same, but behind every suicide is a teen who just wanted to be heard. Substance abuse can lead to serious health problems. Many teens try alcohol, drugs and tobacco for the â€Å"fun of it.† Some try it a few times and leave it alone, but others try it and it becomes addictiveRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Addiction1074 Words   |  5 PagesDrug abuse is a rampant problem in the United States. Drug usage and consumption has grown over the years. Drug addiction is a dilemma that has greatly increased among our current day society. Addiction is a serious problem. This can be defined as continued involvement with a substance or activity despite ongoing negative consequence. Narcotics like marijuana, heroin, crystal meth and crack cocaine are generally called drugs. Men and woman either take these drugs orally or inhale them. Drugs, otherRead MoreReasons for Adolescent Suicide Attempts1173 Words   |  5 Pagesadolescent is at risk of suicide. Some of these situations are parts of depression, social pressure, drug abuse, and family difficulties. All of these factors make an adolescent feel overwhelmed and confused. There are many events that an adolescent goes through before taking their lives. Finding rates of suicide vary in males and females because the males use more fatal methods than females. What are the feelings that make adolescents take their own life? All the information can be useful to helpRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Cannabis Programs854 Words   |  4 Pagesyears before being struck down by the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. However, with so much publicity the legal process of the petition generated within the drug culture of the 1960 s through the 1970 s in America, it likely convinced state authorities to reassess the restrictions against marijuana (Huntington’s Outreach Project for Education at Stanford, 2012). In 1982, 31 states and the District of Columbia had passed legislation granting the prescription of marijuana. In 1996, CaliforniaRead MoreEssay about Marijuana Should B e Legal913 Words   |  4 Pagesargue a subject of this nature. On one side there are some positive effects, which have been proven as the result of marijuana. Many legal drugs that you can purchase are more harmful then marijuana. My opinions based on legalization or marijuana is based on a number social and economic factors. That brings up the questions why not legalize marijuana as medical drug, which is proven to be less dangerous than heavy painkillers and morphine. It is possible to overdose on painkillers and morphine; howeverRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs1127 Words   |  5 Pages Drugs have been abused for hundreds of years all over the world; their effects have been felt for just as long. Are drugs helpful in cases or are they an addiction? Should we be aware of what drugs our doctors are providing us with? Do drugs increase the chances of committing a crime or can they control ones behavior? As drugs can be everywhere nowadays they should be taken more seriously as they can affect everything! Every year there’s a new drug, is it because they want people to become addictedRead MoreMarijuan Why Not Even Once?935 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana: Why Not Even Once? Treatment Admissions The National Institute on Drug Abuse writes that an estimated 9% of marijuana users will eventually become dependent on marijuana (National Institute, 2014). The American Society of Addiction Medicine defines addiction as â€Å"a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry. Dysfunction in these circuits leads to characteristic biological, psychological, social and spiritual manifestations. This is reflected in anRead MoreDrug Abuse: A Rising Concern in America1359 Words   |  5 Pageswhy drug abuse is a rising concern in this nation? Have you ever wondered what types of drugs get abused? Drug abuse is the new leading cause of death over vehicle related accidents, How drugs have overcome our society and innocence. Drug abuse is a growing problem that is sweeping across our nation. The many stresses of today’s modern living adds a new level to how children are raised, the influences surrounding them and the resources available. Universally the influence of drugs touchesRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among The Elderly1473 Words   |  6 Pagespopulation is that of substance abuse as it pertains to the increasing numbers of substance abusers, and/or the increasing rates of substance abuse among the elderly population. A national public health concern is that the rate of elderly substance abuse will rise sharply as boomers enter older adulthood. This research is not intended to be an entire comprehensive and exhaustive review of all research findings but a review to highlight those findings concerning substance abuse among the elderly. Literature

The United Nations Organization free essay sample

The United Nations Organization (UNO) or simply United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. The UN was founded in 1945 after World War II to replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions. The Charter of the United Nations is the foundational treaty of the I-JN. Some of the rinciples of the UN Charter are; the association principle, the hierarchy principle, the collective security principle, the regional principle, the mediation principle, the trusteeship principle the Judicial principle and the collective security principle. To be a part of I-IN, the country either a member or not, should be peace-loving, because, if one of the countries would try to begin hostilities between the UN members or other countries, the purpose of the UN would be marred. We will write a custom essay sample on The United Nations Organization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every country has its own dominance about some topics and according to that the UN have made some countries have more important ubiety than others. By this idea the ierarchy principle has been emerged. One of the aims of the UN is unlimited growth and prosperity for all and the economic and social council is trying to solve countries problems by the help of its seventeen agencies. Some examples are Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The charter decided that the nations should not form other organizations between them, because this could impair the association between the members of I-JN. Another important aim of the UN is to keep the peace between the adversaries and elp them to solve their problems by acting as the mediator. The United Nations Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that non-self-governing territories were administered in the best interests of the inhabitants and of international peace and security. The trust territories most of them former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end of World War II have all now attained self-government or independence, either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries. The last was Palau, which became a The Judicial principles main functions are to settle legal disputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions on legal questions submitted to it by duly authorized international organs, agencies, and the UN General Assembly. Collective security can be understood as a security arrangement in which all states cooperate collectively to provide security for all by the actions of all against any states within the groups which might challenge the existing order by using sanctions and force. While collective security is possible, several prerequisites have to be met for it to work.