The Grade Inflation Epidemic Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Grade Inflation Epidemic Its June, and another graduating class is hoping, among other things, to grasp high grades. Of gradation, high is a subjective target. Originally a C meant average today however, the expectations and pressures to give and receive As and Bs takes its toll on teachers and students alike. This nullifies the value of the conventional grading scale and creates a host of entirely new problems. The widespread occurrence of grade inflation seriously affects the credibility of secondary and post-secondary education in America. The definition of an acceptable grade has changed significantly over the years. Grade inflation seemed to begin in earnest in the late 1960s after the attack of Cambodia. Male college students who failed their classes would lose their deferments for the draft. Some professors gave higher grades so their students wouldnt have to go to war. The cause of the problem wasnt the compassionate professors, but the national policy of linking the deferments to academic conquest (Hambert). Unfortunately, along with the astounding cost of college education, comes a pressure for students to compete for scholarship dollars. Faced with losing the means of paying for their schooling, students will go to just about all length to assure good grades. Often clear ethics and morals take a back seat when it comes to doing whatever it takes to pass a course with a good grade. Any teacher with a heart would reconsider a poor grade that would cost a student the funding to gross(a) their education. While some students might earn terrible grades in History, they may make terrific doctors someday. It seems absurd for a grade to have the power to sabot... ...set up to serve - the student. Works Cited Dwyer, Victor. Are We Cheating Our Kids? McCleans Magazine 14 Mar. 1994 44-54 Franey, Lynn. Inflation Pumping Up Students GPAs. Spokesman Review 20 whitethorn 2001 A4+. Hambert, Craid. Desperately Seeking Summa. Ha rvard Magazine May 1993 36-40 Mattern, Elizabeth. Officials Debate Grade Inflation. Daily Camera 25 May 2001 http//www.thedailycamera.com/buffzone/news/131grad.html Moore, Patrick. Grade Inflation at Public Universities Who Profits, Who Pays? UALR I. May 2001. http//www.ualr.edu/epmoore/inflation.html II. Pitsch, Mark. States Seek Goals 2000 Aid for animate Efforts. Education Week Vol. XIV (1994) 17+. Srinivasan, Kalpana. Forum to Address Grade Inflation. Yale 25May 2001 http//www.yale.edu/ydn/paper/3.27/3.27.95storyno.FE.html

Traditions in A Moment Before the Gun Went Off and The Lottery :: Shirley Jackson Lottery

In the stories A Moment before The Gun Went Off and The Lottery, there is the point in which a group of people cling to traditions very blindly. In both stories the traditions ar so dug into the peoples way of life that questioning them is considered profanation within these communities. Furthermore, the members of the community no longer even remember why the traditions were set up in the fist place. They follow the traditions simply because their predecessors followed the traditions. An opposite parity between the communities in both stories is, even though these traditions are firmly entrenched in these communities, they are rapidly losing there grip in other communities. This detail is not only mentioned in both stories, but looked down upon by communities that still follow the traditions.         In the story The Lottery, the tradition is to hold a lottery on a specific summer day, but instead of winning a cash prize or some other ethical t hing, the winner gets to be stoned to death by the members of the community. The character that is mentioned most in this story is one by the name of Mrs. Hutchinson. Mrs. Hutchinson is a devoted start and housewife. She is the one who eventually gets singled out to win the lottery. So it is Mrs. Hutchinson who is impacted the most brutally by the lottery. However the other people of the village are touch differently by the lottery. It is very unlikely that the people of the village kill people for the sake of killing people. More likely there is a deeper reason. champion possibility is that the people of this village of this village are looking for a scapegoat. A person to take the blame for mistakes and sins of others, so one person dies for a community and saves the community from whatever sins that had been committed.         The society can be touch in many ways by the lottery. Other neighbor societies have been affected by the lottery, man y have abandoned the tradition of the lottery. Even in the community where the story takes place many of the rituals that go along with the lottery are fading into the past to be forgotten forever. An example of this would be the chant that originally went with the

A More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and Experiment

Its Time for a More Responsible Approach to Animal Research, Testing, and ExperimentationThe debate about using living creatures for medical scrutiny has been fantastic for years. The struggle always seems to be between extremist animal rights activists who believe that animals should never be used for research, and scientists who believe that any use of animals is acceptable. There are a growing number who argue that in that respect must be a reasonable middle ground. I contend that there must be a significant decrease in the number of animals used by humans to further human goals. I will give a historic account of animal use, provide some statistics about animal use, present some arguments against the use of animals and present Singers view as well as my own. To fold I will present a new idea that has become important to the animal protection movement, paving the way for more moderate discourse concerning animal welfare. Animals were used for the study of the life sciences in ancient Greece. To learn about body functions scientists would cut into a live animal to observe the processes that were occurring. Animals imbibe been used for centuries to help researchers understand the various organs of the body and their functions as well as to hone their surgical skills (jhsph). In the 19th century there was a rise in biomedical research and a subsequent rise in the number of animals used in experiments. Then came the birth of the animal rights movement in a large scale. Benthams question of whether or not animals can suffer became the rallying cry of the animal protection movement at the time. The Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Great Britain and in the United States was created in the 19th century... ...you can have longer, fuller looking lashes. Then submit the alternatives. Lists of companies that use animals for testing are published on the web. Ask questions about what is happening in the basement of this very building. Im not advocating the complete abolishment of testing but rather, a responsible outlook on the types of testing done and the alternatives. WORKS CITED * Alternatives to Animal Testing on the Web. http//altweb.jhsph.edu/ * Burne, Jerome. Animal Testing is a disaster. The Guardian. 24 May 2001. http//www.guardian.co.uk/ * Questions and Answers about the Animal Welfare Act and its Regulations for Biomedical Research Institutions. USDA. http//www.nal.usda.gov/awic/legislat/regsqa.htm * Research Animal Use - Types Numbers and Percentages. The Humane Society of the United States. http//www.hsus.org/

An Analysis of The Building Essay -- The Building

An Analysis of The Building   Larkin put The Building in the middle of his charm for a reason, it is a pillar that supports the rest of the collection with its long lines and many verses, and because of this, is maybe a bit more cle atomic number 18r than some of his other poems in the ideas and views that are expressed through it. Of course, being a Larkin a poem, there is the obligatory underlayer which so many people miss, but in The Building it is easier to discern and compreh eat up. The ennoble of the poem, The Building already hints at the main theme of the poem. The word building is a very vague term and in its vagueness one can polish off out the fright of the author for this building, he cannot specify that it is a hospital as if not saying the word will make it go away. At the same time in this poem, Larkin makes out the hospital as the real world, everything around it is fake so that the word building is put in occupation to his view of what it really is. Th e poem starts in this indistinct manner and moves onto a much more definite reality death. The first thing we discover virtually the building is the way it dominates the authors view, of all buildings he can see it is the tallest, it shows up for miles. Although he doesnt want to know what it is, it dominates his view and his destiny - all men and women end up in the hospital before they die, and there is that sense again, of Larkins fear of death. He sees that the hospital is the real life, all else is false, you delude yourself all your life close to death, pretending that it doesnt exist yet when you get in the hospital you finally have to face the truth. He names the places he would like it to be a hotel, an airport lounge, a bus, but he can no longer d... ... to die. Not yet, perhaps not here, but in the end, And somewhere like this. As in most of his poems, he starts with a fear of something, in this case death but comes to realise later on that in fact it is notwithstandi ng an inevitable part of life. And he also comes to understand that if people werent so scared of death than life would be less valued as he hints to in the last part of the poem ...a struggle to transcend The thought of dying, for unless its powers Outbuild cathedrals nothing contravenes... The poem ends disturbingly with With wasteful, weak, propitiatory flowers. The structure of the poem with nine verses of six-spot lines adds up to 63, but that last odd line makes it more regular, it makes 64 which suggests 8x8, so that the last line might seem a bit minute and odd but it also completes the poem (and also the rhyme scheme).    

My Beautiful Gun :: Personal Narrative Writing

If you really want to stop a conversation dead in its tracks, tell people you own a gun. Depending on where you are located, people often dont know how to process the idea that a young woman is a proud, capable, unapologetic gun owner. Men arent sure if youre a rabid, man-hating feminist arming yourself against the patriarchy. Women are a little more curious and might ask questions why did you get a gun, what does it look like further many of them would never consider handling a gun, much less owning one.I bought my gun a few years ago. I didnt buy it for self- vindication as many people think. When I applied for my gun permit through the police department, I was told that I should go for a ingleside protection license rather than a target license because it would be easier to get. The home protection license meant I could keep my gun loaded in my home but could only bring it once a month to the shooting range to shoot, carrying it in a locked box with ammo separate.The target l icense allowed me to go to the range to shoot as often as I wanted, but I had to keep it in a locked box with ammo separate not only when carrying it but also at home. I wanted a target license. My reason? How in the world would I learn to shoot a gun if I could only go to the range once a month? I genuinely wanted to learn to shoot, to gain that skill. More than anything, I wanted to know that I could safely handle and use a gun.My fascination with guns has been long-standing. Ever delinquencyce I was a young girl, I gravitated toward shoot-em-up movies and television shows. by and by bedtime, Id pull a blanket over my head and across my 19-inch Zenith black and white television in my bedroom so I could surreptitiously take to be Starsky and Hutch, Charlies Angels and Baretta. I was in love with Dirty Harry. The bigger the gun, the better.Although I glorified guns in my fantasies, in reality I knew that they were inanimate objects that had been so infused with power, danger, mys tery and sin and had become a symbol of what was wrong in society that owning one seemed out of the question for years. When I finally decided to buy a gun, I took the entire process very seriously, taking lessons, reading up on them, talking to people who owned them and making sure I was emotionally give to shoot and own one.

My Beautiful Gun :: Personal Narrative Writing

If you really want to stop a conversation dead in its tracks, advertise people you own a gun. Depending on where you are located, people often dont know how to process the idea that a young woman is a proud, capable, unapolo countenanceic gun owner. Men arent sure if youre a rabid, man-hating feminist arming yourself against the patriarchy. Women are a little more curious and might ask questions why did you get a gun, what does it look like but many of them would never consider handling a gun, much less owning one.I bought my gun a few years ago. I didnt buy it for self-defense as many people think. When I applied for my gun permit through the police department, I was told that I should go for a home protection license rather than a target license because it would be easier to get. The home protection license meant I could go along my gun loaded in my home but could only bring it once a month to the shooting range to shoot, carrying it in a locked street corner with ammo separat e.The target license allowed me to go to the range to shoot as often as I cherished, but I had to keep it in a locked box with ammo separate not only when carrying it but also at home. I wanted a target license. My reason? How in the homo would I learn to shoot a gun if I could only go to the range once a month? I genuinely wanted to learn to shoot, to gain that skill. More than anything, I wanted to know that I could safely handle and use a gun.My fascination with guns has been long-standing. Ever since I was a young girl, I gravitated toward shoot-em-up movies and television shows. After bedtime, Id pull a blanket over my head and across my 19-inch Zenith black and white television in my bedroom so I could surreptitiously watch Starsky and Hutch, Charlies Angels and Baretta. I was in love with Dirty Harry. The bigger the gun, the better.Although I glorified guns in my fantasies, in reality I knew that they were inanimate objects that had been so infused with power, danger, myst ery and sin and had become a symbol of what was wrong in society that owning one seemed out of the question for years. When I lastly decided to buy a gun, I took the entire process very seriously, taking lessons, reading up on them, talking to people who owned them and qualification sure I was emotionally ready to shoot and own one.

Bureaucracy in Public Service

As Weber noniced nearly a century ago, with the rationalization of society, bureaucratism becomes inevitable (Weber, 1968/1921) and in the contemporary society, bureaucracy whether private or creation is ubiquitous. Without it, few of the routine features of our modern society would be possible the collection of taxes and the production and distribution of goods and run, for example, would be difficult, if not impossible. (Dandeker, 1990) Bureaucracies manoeuver people by replacing human judgement with nonhuman technology, thus creating a formalistic im individualisedity of the system.Even bureaucracy itself can be seen as a spacious nonhuman technology that functions more or less automatically. Rules, regulations, and institutional structures replace the adaptability of human decisions, that is, employees of bureaucratic organizations gen date of referencelly follow the rules and regulations in a predetermined age instead of evaluating each case separately. They must get th eir jobs d bingle in a certain way by a certain time without mistakes, and the division of informal systems of human action is diminished by the highly formalized structures.Bureaucracy controls not and employees of an organization but her clients as well. An organization provides proceedss and one must apply for the services on a specific form by a specific date. One will receive those services only in a certain way and under strict conditions. (Ritzer, 1998) Client categories used by organizations decide what info a client is supposed to provide, and this information will generate a denial or a grant of a specific requested service. Snellen, 1998) Although bureaucracy is present in both semipublic and private organizations, there are large differences mingled with the two types of organizations and the services they deliver. The first difference is the monopolistic parting of public organizations, i. e. , often a citizen does not have a choice between different public organ izations (as is the case with private organizations) because there is only one public organization that provides a busy service. A second difference is that a citizen is not always a voluntary client of public organizations because the nation state is responsible for the collective goods.Public services will thus not only increase personal benefits and rights, but will also consist of activities that address the duties of citizens (e. g. , tax collection). Third, citizens have a spokesperson in the determination of public service delivery through voting, referenda, and public hearings. (Lips, 1998) The citizen (as citoyen, carrier of democratic rights) enters into debates with political-administrative organizations. When consensus has been established, politicians instruct the public organizations who execute these instructions.The citizen (now as client) uses the services provided by public organizations. (Zuurmond, 1996a Zuurmond, 1996b) Fourth, public services are subject to sp ecific norms and values, like legitimacy, legal certainty and equality of rights, as a consequence of the governments responsibility for the collective good. This results in the fifth difference between public and private services continuity in the deliverance of services to citizens and accessibility of public services to all citizens ought to be more important goals for public services than gaining profits.The services provided to the citizen (as client of public organizations) thus have a different character than the services provided to the customer (as client of private organizations). The thought process of the citizen as client is not an old view. A few decades ago, the political process of determining the worry of government (i. e. , determination of public products, services, and information provided to citizens) was perceived as the most important part of the public service delivery.The dominant centralize was on the supplier- emplacement of public service delivery the government knew what was best for their citizens and the government decided what way and form of service provision was most appropriate to address these citizens. This focus shifted gradually to the production and delivery of public goods, services, and information. Standards like efficiency and effectiveness were introduced in public organizations and the functioning of the public organization became most important.During this period, the view of the citizen as a client of public organizations came into being. (Lips, 1998) Recently, the focus shifted to the feedback of citizens on both wanted and received public products, services, and information. This is at least the case in the Netherlands (Lips, 1998), but it is probable to apply to other national governments as well. Where the governments attitude initially was we know what is good for you, it has changed to let us know what is good for you.This view is a result of increased attention to the spending of administrative organi zations, and standards like efficiency and effectiveness have played a role as well. Also, concepts and methods with prove success in the private sector, like pull offment, budgeting, marketing, but also service delivery itself, have been introduced in the public sector. This requires changes in the organization of public service provision. Governments perceive information and communication technologies (ICTs) as an important means to realize these changes.ICT applications in public service delivery potentially bring about not only increased effectiveness, increased efficiency, an improved client-orientation, and a reduction of cost, but also an improved comprehensiveness of information processes of public service delivery between government and the citizen. (Lips, 1998) The efforts of public organizations to administer to each of many citizens their precise due in terms of the organizational treatments they deserve, results in a bulk of demands for personal information. Rule, McA dam, Stearns, & Uglow, 1980) The large quantity of personal information does not take place solely for the benefit of the clients, but for the benefit of the organizations as well, for organizations are trying to manage risks by gathering personal information in order to establish the kind of person they are dealing with (Lyon, 2001). Today, one of the most obvious indicators of the pervasiveness of bureaucracy is the massive expansion of the personal information which is held by a range of public and private organizations. As Dandeker (1990) stated strikingly, the age of bureaucracy is also the era of the information society

Accounting Fraud through Product Costing

Fraud is a malicious obtaining of money or property by deception then accompanied by concealment of theft and translation of stolen property or money into in the flesh(predicate) resources for private use. The costs of fraud are difficult to estimate because not tout ensemble uncovered fraud is disclosed for correct action to be pursued. Most fraud is committed by the trusted and valued employees and it leads to shock and disbelief when such(prenominal) cases are discovered Cones, 2011).Such fraudulent behavior may include cutting costs, spending corporate and shareholder money on personal expenses, and manipulating financial records for personal needs. Through fraud examination, organizations can be able to determine if fraud occurs and in such case help to gather relevant evidence for the crime, the financial records are analyzed by financial detectives and relevant surveillance conducted to mitigate such hideous acts. A comprehensive review on the organizations internal jibe i s carried out to ensure all workers comply with the relevant regulatory standards and industry benchmarks.This process also conducts analytical review on key accounting areas to transgress Seibel fraudulent activities. Forensic accountants can enquire frauds, investigate accountants, forensic auditors or fraud auditors. Scientific knowledge can be used to relate and investigate crimes through Interactive process and assess evidences of crimes committed. According to Siltstone & Sheets (2012), these experts have analyzed several cases and most fraud In product costing results from overstatements of revenues or understatement of receivables and Inventory. References Siltstone, H. , & Sheets, M. (2012).

Relationships Between Humans & Plants& Animals Essay

Humans, animals and plants have a gr flow relationship with each some other, they need each other, and they make each others lives better. Without plants and animals, human wont be able to survive or can not live till now beca substance abuse humans need plants and animals to feed themselves. On the other hand, plants arent able to grow, too because they need to be take forn care by humans. Therefore, human should protect both animals and plants. But human couldnt take good care of animals, most of the animals in the forests are extinct because of human acts, they kill those animals carelessly for their own needs. Although, humans also do animal experience to help them from terrible sickness and their strange behavior.In our time, we are smart compared to ancient people. At first, humans dont get by how to fly. But therefore humans get smarter and smarter and they started to associate themselves with new knowledge, educate animal and analyze chemicals and animals tissue. Then th ey learned how to make airplanes by using birds shape. In other words, humans also need animals to study near them and use them to improve their technology. Humans also use animals for their agricultural setting, animals wastes are also crucial for plants they use those wastes as natural fertilizer in agriculture, more than that, animals help us to protect our home, we also use animals for other things like using their unclothe as clothes or purses, eating them, killing them for their paws, claws, tails, cutting off their head and use them as home decorations, illegal hunting and more astonishingly some humans just kill animals for fun. Because of our careless acts, more and more animal species are extinct.Hundreds of thousand years ago, ancient people didnt know how to make medicine, so many of them died because of diseases. But later on, humans started to learn that they can use plants as medicine, they use their roots, leaves, branches and more. Humans first learnt how to flo at on water by using boats that are made from woods. Almost every part of a plant is all important(p) to both humans and animals. We also eat plants which have been categorized in to crops, fruits, seeds, and vegetables, and we use plants to feed our livestock, too. For example, cows eat grass, chickens eat grainetc. Humans also cut down trees and use those fine woods to make wooden furniture and houses.Plants also help to take in carbon dioxide which we might get carbon dioxide poisoning or carbon dioxide intoxication by breathing it too much, and more importantly they produce oxygen which both animals and humans use for breathing. At the very pedigree of universe, Earths atmosphere contained only carbon dioxide, nitrogen and other gases. But it almost contained no oxygen. Some time later, plants started to grow on Earth and they produce oxygen until then there were lives on Earth. Plants attract rain and help us to protect our planet from the sun. So, plants play a very importa nt role in our and animals lives.As we all have known how plants, animals and humans are important to each other. In my opinion, we should all care more about those plants and animals, we should all take the responsibilities to protect those animals from extinction and plant more trees to protect our world and for our benefits,

Battle of Algiers

History plays an important role in the lives of individuals, especially in understanding the present and planning for the future. The different events that happened and the various personalities that have essential piece in the past is given importance because they substantially serving for the people to make sense of their present life and eventually know their direction in the future. The pivotal contribution of history is clearly exemplified in celluloids or films that used historical events as its main theme or storyline.In relation to this, the movie The meshing of Algiers narrates the Algerian struggle, specifically the battle that the movie was name of in parade for its viewers to understand the origin and end of the war. The booking of Algiers in any case known as La battaglia di Algen in Italian, is a movie directed by Gillo Pontecorvo in 1966. The aforementioned movie is regarded as a war film that is based on the Algerian War that took place during the years 1954 t o 1962. The battle of Algiers was a revolution against the French colonial rule in North Africa. The director patterned the movie to the reported actual events of the Battle of Algiers.The reconstruction of the events happened in the capital city of French Algeria between the period of November 1954 and December 1960 wherein the Algerian War of Independence was already in the process. The narration started in casbah with the organization of revolutionary cells. The stakeholders of the civil war were the primeval Algerians and the European settlers also known as pied-noirs, wherein great choler and craze were exchanged between the two parties. As a result, the French phalanx paratroopers were ordered to annihilate the National Liberation Front (FLN).The French phalanx paratroopers were described in the film as the winners of the battle because they were able to hunt down the FLN leadership by means of assassinating or capturing them. Nevertheless, the motion picture ends with a coda-like demonstrations and riots of native Algerians, who are fighting for independence. Moreover, the end of the movie also sends the message that the French victory at the Battle of Algiers cost them to lose the Algerian War (Musu et al. , 1966). The Battle of Algiers was a guerilla warfare campaign that is pursued by the National Liberation Front (FLN) against the rule of France in 1957.The deviation started through the round-the-clock hit-and-run attacks by the FLN against the French Police that were placed in Algiers. The conflict escalated because of the decision of the political science of France to send French army in Algiers in order to suppress the revolutionary efforts of the FLN. In March 1955, the leader of the FLN in Algiers, Rabah Bitat was arrested by the French. Nevertheless, the French was not able to weaken the FLN because Abane Ramdane, who was just release from prison, was able to right direct the political objective of FLN.As a result, Ramdane was able to bring FLN in Algiers to its usual power (Horner, 2006). The conflict further escalated on 20 August 1955, when violence became observable around Philippeville. The situation became even worse when Ramdane and Larbi Ben MHidi decided to focus the operations of the FLN in the capital. The decision of Ramdane and MHidi came ab place during the Summam Congress, a miniature time after the debate of the United Nations regarding the Algerian question (Alleg & Calder, 2006). In the summer of 1956, secret negotiations took place between the Algerian separatists and the French in capital of Serbia and Montenegro and Rome.The French hard-liners started to manage themselves in a paramilitary group under the leadership of Andre Achiary. Andre Achiary is a previous officer of the Service de Documentation Exterieure et de Contre-Espionnage (SDECE) and he also experience being led by the prefect of Constantinois during the time of the Setif massacre. During the night of 10 August 1956, Achiary wit h the help of the followers of the Robert Martels Union francaise nord-africaine planted a miscarry at Thebes road in the Casbah. The explosion was recognized as terrorist attack that killed 73 lives and had also marked the turn of events in the conflict.Prior to the Thebes road massacre, the FLN only ready attacks in Algiers due to the numerous arrests and executions of their members. However, the Casbah inhabitant are enraged and are determined to avenged the dead of their loves ones, which is why they went to the European town in order to launch their attack. In line with this, members of the FLN made a promise to the Casbah inhabitants that they will avenge them (Horner, 2006). The Peace talks did not succeed and the government of Guy Mollets ended the policy of negotiations. As a result, Larbi Ben MHidi decided to further expand the terrorist action to the European city.However, FLN members were executed through guillotine, which caused Larbi Ben MHidi to order the killings o f any European from 18 to 54, excluding women, children, and elderly. On 30 September 1956, three female FLN militants planted a bomb on civilian locations much(prenominal) as milk bar, cafeteria, and travel agency, which marked the official start of the Battle of Algiers (Horner, 2006). The absence of a peaceful resolution to the conflict was brought about by the chastening of the peace talks and also by the decision of the Mollets government to end policy negotiations.As such, a possibility for a peaceful ending to the conflict no longer exists, which is further worsen by the decision to further heighten the terrorist action. Moreover, Mollet and Massu decided to start a military intervention which caused for an all out war, which substantially hinder establishing another peace talks (Alleg & Calder, 2006). References Alleg, H. , & Calder, J. (2006). The Question. Nebraska University of Nebraska Press. Horne, A. (2006). A Savage War of Peace Algeria, 1954-1962. New York New York Review Books. Musu, A. , Yacef, S. , & Pontecorvo, G. (1966). The Battle of Algiers. Italy Rizzoli.Battle of AlgiersThe 1996 Gillo Pontecorvo-directed Battle of Algiers movie depicts the struggle between Algerians and French colonialists by recreating occurrences that happened in Algerias capital city between 1954 and 1962. Ali La Pointe, a politically-radicalized spring prisoner, narrates the films story. After serving his prison term, Pointe was engaged by the National Liberation Front (FLN) via El-hadi Jafar a military commander.Due to increased violence, French army paratroopers are introduced to pursue FLN elements. The paratroop leader Colonel Mathieu, is the movies major French character.Petit Omar, Larbi Ben Mhidi, Hassiba, Djamila, and Zohra are other French characters. The FLN-commanded Casbah executes local Algerian offenders positivistic other traitors and applies violence to trouble civilian French citizens. In turn, the French take up public lynching and arbitrary , racist aggression against local Algerians. by dint of the movie, Pontecorvo demonstrates that war really disadvantages civilians based on the strategies the two contending sides employ to subdue each other. For example, both the French and the FNL direct their war-oriented frustrations at the hapless locals.On its part, the FLN use the Casbah militant organization to summarily execute alleged traitors, Algerian offenders and to torment French civilians. In return, the French mete out violence on native Algerians by indiscriminately murdering, torturing, and intimidating locals (Chansel 199). Through such events, Pontecorvo shows that war is a very costly phenomenon that harms both non-combatants and combatants. In addition, the Battle of Algiers critiques the domineering stance that horse opera developed countries usually adopt when dealing with their undeveloped counterparts.French paratroopers come in when locals express hostility towards the European settlers. Frances decisio n to send in paratroopers to help quell the anti-European sentiments in Algeria demonstrates this western self-ascribed supremacy. Other than seek dialogue, the French seek to exterminate the Algerian citizens in their own land. This situation demonstrates utter contempt by the Whites towards the locals (Chansel 199). Works Cited Chansel, Dominique. Europe On-screen Cinema and the Teaching of History, Volume 2. Strasbourg, France Council of Europe, 2001.

Renaissance

Italy before spreading to the rest of Europe. The Italian peninsula, positioned within the Mediterranean Sea, en fittedd the city-states and principalities to become regard centers of trade and commerce. Venice, turn up on the northea shit coast of Italy, was k without delayn as the Queen of the Adriatic and had the busiest Italian maritime port (Soppy, 2009, p. 66). Even interior cities such(prenominal) as Rome and Florence were fitted to benefit from Italys natural features. Florence had a port fifty miles away at the mouth of the Aaron River, which flowed finished the middle of city providing inland access to merchants (Soppy, 2009, p. 52).Italys prime geographic location led it to be the graduation exercise port of c every(prenominal) for goods and ideas. Italy also differed from the rest of Europe politically. Countries such as England, Spain, and France were govern by monarchs while Italy (with a fewer exceptions) consisted of city-states where power was sh bed among big oculused families. It was within these city-states that the dynamic political atmosphere could nurture the renascence front line (Cook, 2014). In Florence, the Medici family was adequate to(p) to dominate the city for much of the fifteenth degree centigrade. The Medici family were patron to m any artists, musicians, philosophers, and architects.Cosmic De Medici had a hand in erecting galore(postnominal) of the structures in Florence, believe the rich should give back to their communities (Soppy, 2009, p. 53). galore(postnominal) prominent families end-to-end Italy instructioned public art to dis solve their wealth and power. What is more than, the vigorous humanist movement helped the Renaissance establish strong roots in Italy. According to Soppy (2009), humanism can be defined as a movement that encour historic ut closelyd the study of the form and content of classical tuition and that movement was the core of the Renaissance (p. 71 Italian society was characteriz ed by a revival of antiquity, specifically the classical existence ofGreece and Rome (Krebs, 2009). Renaissance humanists were hypnotized with the study of ancient Greece and Rome, and civic humanists compete a significant role of putting their knowledge of the classics to practical affair for their communities. Ultimately, Italys ample wealth is what would stimulate the suppuration of the Renaissance. Du address the fifteenth century, Europe depended on Italy for much of its commerce (Cook, 2014). This enabled the Italians to take the lead in areas such as banking, trade, and manufacturing, and thitherfore became the approximately urbanize and prosperous plenty of Europe (Soppy, 2009, p. ). Italians were able to use their wealth and prosperity to agree the arts. Italy was fortunate to have several factors working to promote the outgrowth of the Renaissance. Were it not for Tits favorable geography, singular political climate, progressive complaisant movements, and heal thy economy, the Renaissance may not have had the success and advancements that it enjoyed during the ordinal and fifteenth century. 2. equivalence and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and top executive atomic number 1 octad in England in bringing about spiritual convince during the reclamation.How were they assorted? Did they share any similarities? In Europe, the sixteenth century was a time of tremendous change. The most revolutionary event was the rehabilitation. Martin Luther and fairy Henry octet of England had different motives, but two brought about religious change during the Reformation. Martin Luther was born in the German states in 1483 to Hans and Margaret. Hans Luther was a miner, and Martin grew up in a working-class household. Lathers parents, determined for him to become a lawyer, enrolled him in the local instill in 1492 (soppy, 2009, p. 165).Luther attended the university of Revert in 1501 here he studied the typi cal liberal arts curriculum, receiving his Bachelors degree in 1 502 and Masters in 1 505 (History. Com Staff, 2009). One day, ethers whole life changed when he was n ahead of time struck by lightning. Luther swore he would become a monk if he made it through the set upon and days later joined the Sustaining Hermit monastery. At the age of thirty-four, Martin Luther became convinced he found the answer to the question that had troubled him for many years. Luther believed that faith in God, rather than good works, was the key to achieving grace.During the same period the Catholic Church was selling indulgences, instead of having people do good works, with the promise that it would shorten the heart of time they spent in purgatory (Soppy, 2009, p. 167). Because Luther believed God saved people through his gift of faith, he saw the sale of indulgences as a corrupt perform by the Catholic Church. When Luther nailed the Ninety-Five Theses to the church service door, he had hoped to start an academic debate (Soppy, 2009, p. 168). He had no idea they would spark the Reformation. poove Henry octette was born in 1491 at Greenwich Palace in England. He was the second son of King HenryVII and Elizabeth of York (BBC History, 2014). Henry VII was required to amount a special(prenominal) papal dispensation from pope Julius II in disposition for his son to be able to marry Catherine of Argon, the widow of Henrys older brformer(a) Arthur (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). King Henry VIII married Catherine and began his reign in 1509. In 1 527, after eighteen years of wedding, Henry wanted a divorce from Queen Catherine (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). She had only been able to bear him one surviving child, a daughter, and he desperately wanted a phallic heir. Martin Luther and King Henry Vics motives for reform came from entirely efferent sources.Luther disagreed with the papacy over the doctrine that allowed the selling of indulgences. He also believed that salvation was achieved by f aith alone. Coming from a working-class background, Luther did not want to suffer the plica creation taken advantage of by the clergy. Henry VIII wanted to separate from the Catholic Church because he desired to marry Anne Bobble, who promised to bear him sons (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). King Henry asked pope Clement VII to grant him an annulment. Pope Clement refused because he was unwilling to admit the original dispensation Pope Julius II had granted for their marriage was illegal (Soppy, 2009, p. 31). Henry split from the church to fulfill his matrimonial plans and to take the wealthy lands of all the incline monasteries. Unlike Luther, King Henrys motives for reform were purely selfish. two Martin Luther and Henry VIII achieved separation from the Catholic Church. While Luther disjointed while trying to reform due to his dissatisfaction with corrupt church socio-economic class sessions, Henry VIII separated purposefully for his selfish desires. Although they were very diffe rent men, Martin Luther and King Henry VIII were two(prenominal) influential in he Reformation movement, and their actions can still be felt today. . conk out the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter-Reformation) in the sixteenth century. What did the Catholic Church do to reform itself and respond to the spread of Protestantism? In what ways did it both succeed and fail in achieving its goals? At the start of the sixteenth century, people such as John Calvin and Martin Luther began questioning the practices of the Catholic Church. By challenging the church doctrine with his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation.By the mid-sixteenth century, the papacy realized it needed to reform church practices and respond to the Protestant challenge. The Counter-Reformation was a way for the popish Catholic Church to re-establish itself. The aim of the Counter-Reformation in Europe was to end the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through reform, religious ensnares, and education. The Counter- Reformation was booming in saving the integrity of the Roman Catholic Church, but states where the government adopted Protestantism remained.In order for the pope to succeed in reforming the Catholic Church, he would deed subscribe to. Pope Paul Ill called the Council of Trend in December of 1545 (History Learning Site, 2014). Although it took eighteen years to conclude, the Council of Trend be to be the most essential church council in a thousand years (Soppy, 2009, p. 264). The reform council was intended to examine doctrine and reform, and was responsible for the reaffirmation and clarification of major church doctrines. In order to please the Protestants, Charles V wanted abuses thinked at in hopes it would bring them back to the church (History Learning Site, 2014).The council admitted to corrupt practices thin the church and took stern measures to sort out them. New laws wer e put in place to combat pluralism, simony, nepotism, immorality, and ignorance (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). Priests were no longer allowed to avoid church services with the reform of absenteeism. Also, the selling Of indulgences was banned. While the church had deceased(a) through many reform councils, the Council of Trend was unique in the fact that so many of its decrees were carried out and actual change was taking place in the church (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). The Council of Trend helped to solve internal problems of the Catholic Church.To improve the Catholic standing within the communities, a number of new religious orders started during the Counter- Reformation. While the basis of religious orders traditionally brought about renewal and reform for the Catholic Church, pope Innocent Ill discouraged their establishment in 121 5 in order to gain greater control over the papacy (Soppy, 2009, p. 256). The first new order established was the Thinness. The Thinness were advocates for impr ovement of the Catholic Church and set an typesetters case of how good priests should live and work (History Learning Site, 2014).The Ursine was an order for women that promoted he education of women and children. Even some older orders responded by lateizing themselves (History Learning Site, 2014). Education proved to be a prominent aid as well(p) in the Catholic Reformation. Igniting Loyola founded the Society of Jesus in 1540. Loyola ensured the Jesuits were highly disciplined, and education was at the heart of the movement (History Learning Site, 2014). After many years Of training, a Jesuit Was considered prepared to verbalise out his work.By Alloys cobblers last in 1 556, there were thirty- cardinal Jesuit colleges throughout Europe as a base for the Counter-Reformation ND the society had grown to about one thousand members (Soppy, 2009, p. 260). In the sixteenth century, the Catholic Reformation began when the Roman Catholic Church was at risk of losing its religious c ontrol in Europe. The Counter-Reformation succeeded in reducing the spread of Protestantism in Europe and was able to renew the face of universality by reforming and educating the clergy, and initiating new religious orders. 4.While women were often not allowed public roles during the Renaissance and Reformation periods, there were some instances of powerful or influential women in reorient public and leadership roles. Choose three of the following and discuss the roles these women vie in make the society and finishing of their age Queen Elizabeth I, Catherine Domenici, SST. Teresa of Avail, Christine De pizza pie, Artemisia Gentiles. During the Renaissance and Reformation period, women were often not allowed to pursue public roles. Opportunities for women were severely restricted, and few had a chance to receive a proper education.Fortunately, there are a few examples of powerful or influential women such as Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles, who pl ayed prominent roles in shaping the society and finis of their age. Queen Elizabeth of England was the first daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bobble. Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, and she ruled for nearly 45 years. Young Elizabeth acted swiftly, after taking the reins from her sister, to address the closet issue of religion. At her first session in parliament, Queen Elizabeth called for the passage of the Act Of Supremacy, which re-established the Church of England (The Biography. Mom website, 2014). Elizabeth took a more wayrate stance, hoping to appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. The Elizabethan settlement permitted the clergy to marry, but also continued the traditional Episcopal system (Soppy, 2009, p. 244). Her reign is sometimes known as the Golden Age because of Elizabethan us port of the arts. According to Soppy (2009), the England of Queen Elizabeth featured remarkable literary talents such as William Shakespeare, the dramatist Christopher Marlowe, and poe ts Edmund Spencer, Sir Philip Sidney and his sister Mary (p. 46). When Spain set its sights on England, the English navy was able to defeat the infamous Spanish Armada in 1588 (The Biography-corn website, 2014). Elizabeth also sponsored new efforts for colonization of the New World. Queen Elizabeth provided England with a long period of stability and consistency. Christine De Pizza was an influential writer who advocated womens rights during the Northern Renaissance. As Soppy (2009) explains, few French writers had such a significant impact on the modern world as Christine De Pizza (p. 41 Pizza was not only the first woman to write professionally, but she was also the first feminist to be published (Soppy, 2009, p. 141 Pizza began writing to support her family after her father and husband died. Her most important work, The Book Of the City of Ladies, described a world in which women were capable of doing all the work demand to run a city (Soppy, 2009, p. 143). The book was revolut ionary and was written to combat the traditional ideas that people had about womens nature. Christine De Pizza was an influential figure who proved women could be independent and have a voice in a mans world.Artemisia Gentiles was one of the most prominent female artists of her time. Gentiles was expert by the renowned master Aggravating, who influenced her use of light and shade to heighten emotions and her strong ensue of composition (Soppy, 2009, p. 103). In 161 1, one of her t to each oneers and a friend of her fathers, stagnation Tasks, raped seventeen-year-old Gentiles. Gentiles maintained during the seven-month trial, in which she was torture with thumbscrews that Tasks was guilty of the crime (Soppy, 2009, p. 103).This traumatic event also seems to have influenced the subject matter of her paintings. Gentiles clearly identified herself with Judith, a strong biblical heroine (Soppy, 2009, p. 104). Artemisia Genteelnesss extraordinary work helped other women artists to ente r a male-dominated field. While women faced many difficulties during the Renaissance and Reformation period, some were able to spank the obstacles. Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles all overcame personal and societal struggles and played significant roles in influencing the society and culture of their age. . Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, what was humanism, and what role did humanism and humanists play in Renaissance society and culture? In what ways did Italian Renaissance humanism differ from the humanism Of Northern Europe? For centuries, mankind looked to ejection and the Catholic Church for guidance and answers. In the fourteenth century, when a cultural movement known as the Renaissance began in Italy, the qualities of humanism became more prominent. kinda of seeking supernatural explanations, humanists were using scientific and demythologized analysis.Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, humanism was a movement that c elebrated the revival of classical study. Humanism played a pivotal role in the Italian Renaissance, influencing society and culture through art, architecture, and literature. Humanism had a profound effect on art ring the Renaissance period. Painters and sculptors began to focus more on the beauty, especially of the male human body. Michelangelo David boldly glorifies the naked human body (Soppy, 2009, p. 111). David was no longer a microscopical effeminate boy, but a giant muscular hero.Paintings such as Michelangelo The Last Judgment also show a sharp contrast to the centerfield Ages. Medieval depictions of the last judgment generally showed figures dressed gibe to their social rank with Christ, the Virgin, and the apostles enthroned in heaven (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). Michelangelo painting illustrates costly undressed figures grouped in concert around Christ. Michelangelo even included a self-portrait as SST. Bartholomew, who was flayed viable (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). The Renaissan ce period also Saw a rise in portraits.In the inwardness Ages, to commission a portrait of oneself was considered prideful and vain (Soppy, 2009, p. 99). With humanism shaping the Renaissance, this all changed and prominent individuals wanted to be amortized in paintings and sculptures. Just as the paintings and sculptures became more graceful during the Renaissance, so did the architecture. The architect Leon Battista Alberta called for the building of beautiful cities worthy of humiliatingly inclined men and women of virtue (Soppy, 2009, p. 112).Alberta felt that architecture should be a social art, and each building should be planned in relation to its social functions and setting (Soppy, 2009, p. 1 12). While architects still used and modified classical models, they felt reposition to make exciting innovations (Soppy, 2009, p. 87). Architecture Of the Renaissance boldly departed from knightly styles and conventions. Likewise, literature written during the Italian Renaissance was beginning to change. Writers such s Niccole Machiavelli seek to understand human nature. While medieval political theorists were under the stipulation that politics was a branch of ethics.Niccole Machiavelli in his political book The Prince argues that since people are basically bad, rulers may have to behave inappropriately as well (Soppy, 2009, p. 81). In addition to Latin, which was the language of the Church, humanist writers began to use the vernacular. Italian Renaissance humanism differed from the humanist movement that developed in Northern Europe. While both shared a revival of classical learning, northern humanists were driven by religious ideals. Northern humanists placed more of an emphasis on man being the highest of Gods creatures (Nickels, 2000).RenaissanceRenaissance BY keystrokes 1 . Why did the Renaissance develop in Italy? What factors?historical, geographical, economic, social, political, etc. ?contributed to its development in Italy, rather than elsewhere in Europe? There are many factors as to why the Renaissance movement began in Italy rather than elsewhere in Europe. Nowhere else in Europe were the elements that enabled the Renaissance to flourish better blended than in Italy. Italy had a prime geographical location, politically-active citizenry, a strong humanist movement, and abundant wealth. All these ingredients contributed to theRenaissance taking root in Italy before spreading to the rest of Europe. The Italian peninsula, positioned within the Mediterranean Sea, enabled the city-states and principalities to become major centers of trade and commerce. Venice, located on the northeastern coast of Italy, was known as the Queen of the Adriatic and had the busiest Italian maritime port (Soppy, 2009, p. 66). Even inland cities such as Rome and Florence were able to benefit from Italys natural features. Florence had a port fifty miles away at the mouth of the Aaron River, which flowed through the heart of city roving inland access to merchants (Soppy, 2009, p. 2). Italys prime geographical location led it to be the first port of call for goods and ideas. Italy also differed from the rest of Europe politically. Countries such as England, Spain, and France were ruled by monarchs while Italy (with a few exceptions) consisted of city-states where power was shared among prominent families. It was within these city-states that the dynamic political atmosphere could nurture the Renaissance movement (Cook, 2014). In Florence, the Medici family was able to dominate the city for much of the fifteenth entry.The Medici family were patron to many artists, musicians, philosophers, and architects. Cosmic De Medici had a hand in erecting many of the structures in Florence, believing the rich should give back to their communities (Soppy, 2009, p. 53). Many prominent families throughout Italy commissioned public art to display their wealth and power. What is more, the vigorous humanist movement helped the Renaissance establis h strong roots in Italy. According to Soppy (2009), humanism can be defined as a movement that encouraged the study of the form and content of lassie learning and that movement was the core of the Renaissance (p. 1). Italian society was characterized by a revival of antiquity, specifically the classical world of Greece and Rome (Krebs, 2009). Renaissance humanists were fascinated with the study of ancient Greece and Rome, and civic humanists played a significant role of putting their knowledge of the classics to practical use for their communities. Ultimately, Italys abundant wealth is what would stimulate the development of the Renaissance. During the fifteenth century, Europe depended on Italy for much of its commerce (Cook, 2014).This enabled the Italians to take the lead in areas such as banking, trade, and manufacturing, and therefore became the most urbanize and prosperous people of Europe (Soppy, 2009, p. 48). Italians were able to use their wealth and prosperity to support t he arts. Italy was fortunate to have several factors working to promote the growth of the Renaissance. Were it not for Italys favorable geography, unique political climate, progressive social movements, and healthy economy, the Renaissance may not have had the success and advancements that it enjoyed during the fourteenth and fifteenth century. . Compare and contrast the motives and actions of Martin Luther in the German states and King Henry VIII in England in bringing about religious change during the Reformation. How were they different? Did they share any similarities? In Europe, the sixteenth century was a time of tremendous change. The most revolutionary event was the Reformation. Martin Luther and King Henry VIII of England had different motives, but both brought about religious change during the Reformation. Martin Luther was born in the German states in 1483 to Hans and Margaret.Hans Luther was a miner, and Martin grew up in a working-class household. Lathers parents, deter mined for him to become a lawyer, enrolled him in the local school in 1492 (Soppy, 2009, p. 165). Luther attended the University of Revert in 1501 where he studied the typical liberal arts curriculum, receiving his Bachelors degree in 1502 and Masters in 1 505 (History. Com Staff, 2009). One day, Lathers whole life changed when he was nearly struck by lightning. Luther swore he would become a monk if he made it through the storm and days later joined the Augustine Hermit monastery.At the age of thirty-four, Martin Luther became convinced he found the answer to the question that had troubled him for any years. Luther believed that faith in God, rather than good works, was the key to achieving grace. During the same period the Catholic Church was selling indulgences, instead of having people do good works, with the promise that it would shorten the amount of money of time they spent in purgatory (Soppy, 2009, p. 167). Because Luther believed God saved people through his gift of faith , he saw the sale of indulgences as a corrupt practice by the Catholic Church.When Luther nailed the Ninety-Five Theses to the church door, he had hoped to start an academic debate (Soppy, 2009, p. 168). He had no idea they would spark the Reformation. King Henry VIII was born in 1491 at Greenwich Palace in England. He was the second son of King Henry VII and Elizabeth of York (BBC History, 2014). Henry VII was required to get a special papal dispensation from Pope Julius II in order for his son to be able to marry Catherine of Argon, the widow of Henrys older brother Arthur (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). King Henry VIII married Catherine and began his reign in 1509.In 1527, after eighteen years of marriage, Henry wanted a divorce from Queen Catherine (Soppy, 2009, p. 229). She had only been able to bear him one surviving child, a daughter, ND he desperately wanted a male heir. Martin Luther and King Henry Vics motives for reform came from entirely different sources. Luther disagreed with t he papacy over the doctrine that allowed the selling of indulgences. He also believed that salvation was achieved by faith alone. Coming from a working-class background, Luther did not want to see the congregation being taken advantage of by the clergy.Henry VIII wanted to separate from the Catholic Church because he desired to marry Anne Bobble, who promised to bear him sons (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). King Henry asked Pope Clement VII to grant him an annulment. Pope Clement refused because he was unwilling to admit the original dispensation Pope Julius II had granted for their marriage was illegal (Soppy, 2009, p. 231). Henry split from the church to fulfill his matrimonial plans and to take the wealthy lands of all the English monasteries. Unlike Luther, King Henrys motives for reform were purely selfish.Both Martin Luther and Henry VIII achieved separation from the Catholic Church. While Luther separated while trying to reform due to his dissatisfaction with corrupt church practices, Henry VIII separated purposefully for his selfish desires. Although they were very different men, Martin Luther and King Henry VIII were both influential in the Reformation movement, and their actions can still be felt today. 3. Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter- Reformation) in the sixteenth century.What did the Catholic Church do to reform itself and respond to the spread of Protestantism? In what ways did it both succeed and fail in achieving its goals? At the start of the sixteenth century, people such as John Calvin and Martin Luther began questioning the practices of the Catholic Church. By challenging the church doctrine with his Ninety-Five Theses, Luther sparked the Protestant Reformation. By the mid-sixteenth century, the papacy realized it needed to reform church practices and respond to the Protestant challenge.The Counter-Reformation was a way for the Roman Catholic Church to re- establish itself. The aim of the Count er-Reformation in Europe was to end the Protestant Reformation and rebuild the power of the Catholic Church through reform, religious orders, and education. The Counter-Reformation was successful in saving the integrity of the Roman Catholic Church, but states where the government adopted Protestantism remained. In order for the pope to succeed in reforming the Catholic Church, he would need support. Pope Paul Ill called the Council of Trend in December of 1 545 (History Learning Site, 2014).Although it took eighteen years to conclude, the Council of Trend proved to be the most important church council in a thousand years (Soppy, 2009, p. 264). The reform council was intended to examine doctrine and reform, and was responsible for the reaffirmation and clarification of major church doctrines. In order to please the Protestants, Charles V wanted abuses coked at in hopes it would bring them back to the church (History Learning Site, 2014). The council admitted to corrupt practices wit hin the church and took stern measures to correct them.New laws were put in place to combat pluralism, simony, nepotism, immorality, and ignorance (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). Priests were no longer allowed to avoid church services with the reform of absenteeism. Also, the selling of indulgences was banned. While the church had gone through many reform councils, the Council of Trend was unique in the fact that so many of its decrees were carried UT and actual change was taking place in the church (Soppy, 2009, p. 265). The Council of Trend helped to solve internal problems of the Catholic Church.To improve the Catholic standing within the communities, a number of new religious orders started during the Counter-Reformation. While the groundwork of religious orders traditionally brought about renewal and reform for the Catholic Church, Pope Innocent Ill discouraged their establishment in 121 5 in order to gain greater control over the papacy (Soppy, 2009, p. 256). The first new order estab lished was the Thinness. The Thinness were advocates for improvement of the Catholic Church and set an example of how good priests should live and work (History Learning Site, 2014).The Ursine was an order for women that promoted the education of women and children. Even some older orders responded by modernizing themselves (History Learning Site, 2014). Education proved to be a prominent aid as well in the Catholic Reformation. Igniting Loyola founded the Society of Jesus in 1540. Loyola ensured the Jesuits were highly disciplined, and education was at the heart of the movement (History Learning Site, 2014). After many years of training, a Jesuit was considered prepared to carry out his work.By Alloys death in 1556, there were thirty-five Jesuit colleges throughout Europe as a base for the Counter-Reformation and the society had grown to about one thousand members (Soppy, 2009, p. 260). In the sixteenth century, the Catholic Reformation began when the Roman Catholic Church was at r isk of losing its religious control in Europe. The Counter-Reformation succeeded in reducing the spread of Protestantism in Europe and was able to renew the face of Catholicism by reforming and educating the clergy, and initiating new religious orders. 4.While women were often not allowed public roles during the Renaissance and Reformation periods, there were some examples of powerful or influential women in prominent public and leadership roles. Choose three of the following and discuss the roles these women played in shaping the society and culture of their age Queen Elizabeth l, Catherine Domenici, SST. Teresa of Avail, Christine De Pizza, Artemisia Gentiles. During the Renaissance and Reformation period, women were often not allowed to pursue public roles. Opportunities for women were severely restricted, and few had a chance to receive a proper education.Fortunately, there are a few examples of powerful or influential women such as Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Art emisia Gentiles, who played prominent roles in shaping the society and culture of their age. Queen Elizabeth I of England was the first daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Bobble. Elizabeth ascended the throne in 1558, and she ruled for nearly 45 years. Young Elizabeth acted swiftly, after taking the reins from her sister, to address the pressing issue of religion. At her first session in Parliament, Queen Elizabeth called for the passage of the Act of Supremacy, which re-established he Church of England (The Biography. Mom website, 2014). Elizabeth took a more moderate stance, hoping to appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. The Elizabethan settlement permitted the clergy to marry, but also continued the traditional Episcopal system (Soppy, 2009, p. 244). Her reign is sometimes known as the Golden Age because of Elizabethan support of the arts. According to Soppy (2009), the England of Queen Elizabeth I featured remarkable literary talents such as William Shakespeare, the dramatist Christopher Marlowe, and poets Edmund Spencer, Sir Philip Sidney and his sister Mary (p. 46). When Spain set its sights on England, the English Ana was able to defeat the infamous Spanish Armada in 1588 (The Biography. Com website, 2014). Elizabeth also sponsored new efforts for colonization of the New World. Queen Elizabeth I provided England with a long period of stability and consistency. Christine De Pizza was an influential writer who advocated womens rights during the Northern Renaissance. As Soppy (2009) explains, few French writers had such a significant impact on the modern world as Christine De Pizza (p. 141).Pizza was not only the first woman to write professionally, but she was also the first enemies to be published (Soppy, 2009, p. 141). Pizza began writing to support her family after her father and husband died. Her most important work, The Book of the City of Ladies, described a world in which women were capable of doing all the work necessary to run a city (Soppy, 20 09, p. 143). The book was revolutionary and was written to combat the traditional ideas that people had about womens nature. Christine De Pizza was an influential figure who proved women could be independent and have a voice in a mans world.Artemisia Gentiles was one of the most prominent female artists of her time. Gentiles was trained by the endowed master Carving, who influenced her use of light and shade to heighten emotions and her strong sense of composition (Soppy, 2009, p. 103). In 1611, one of her teachers and a friend of her fathers, Stagnation Tasks, raped seventeen-year-old Gentiles. Gentiles maintained during the seven-month trial, in which she was tortured with thumbscrews that Tasks was guilty of the crime (Soppy, 2009, p. 103).This traumatic event also seems to have influenced the subject matter of her paintings. Gentiles clearly identified herself with Judith, a strong, biblical heroine (Soppy, 2009, p. 104). Artemisia Genteelnesss extraordinary work helped other wo men artists to enter a male-dominated field. While women faced many difficulties during the Renaissance and Reformation period, some were able to overcome the obstacles. Queen Elizabeth l, Christine De Pizza, and Artemisia Gentiles all overcame personal and societal struggles and played significant roles in influencing the society and culture of their age. . Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, what was humanism, and what role did humanism and humanists play in Renaissance society and culture? In what ways did Italian Renaissance humanism differ from the animus of Northern Europe? For centuries, mankind looked to religion and the Catholic Church for guidance and answers. In the fourteenth century, when a cultural movement known as the Renaissance began in Italy, the qualities of humanism became more prominent. Instead of seeking supernatural explanations, humanists were using scientific and rational analysis.Within the context of the Italian Renaissance, humanism was a mov ement that celebrated the revival of classical study. Humanism played a pivotal role in the Italian Renaissance, influencing society and culture through art, architecture, and literature. Humanism had a profound effect on art during the Renaissance period. Painters and sculptors began to focus more on the beauty, especially of the male human body. Michelangelo David boldly glorifies the naked human body (Soppy, 2009, p. 111). David was no longer a small effeminate boy, but a giant muscular hero.Paintings such as Michelangelo The Last Judgment also show a sharp contrast to the Middle Ages. Medieval depictions of the last Judgment generally showed figures dressed according to their social rank with Christ, the Virgin, and the apostles enthroned in heaven (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). Michelangelo painting illustrates mostly undressed figures grouped together around Christ. Michelangelo even included a self-portrait as SST. Bartholomew, who was flayed alive (Soppy, 2009, p. 98). The Renaissanc e period also saw a rise in portraits.In the Middle Ages, to commission a portrait of oneself was considered prideful and vain (Soppy, 2009, p. 99). With humanism shaping the Renaissance, this all changed and prominent individuals wanted to be amortized in paintings and sculptures. Just as the paintings and sculptures became more beautiful during the Renaissance, so did the architecture. The architect Leon Battista Alberta called for the building of beautiful cities worthy of humiliatingly inclined men and women of virtue (Soppy, 2009, p. 112).Alberta felt that architecture should be a social art, and each building should be planned in relation to its social functions and setting (Soppy, 2009, p. 112). While architects still used and modified classical models, they felt free to make exciting innovations (Soppy, 2009, p. 87). Architecture of the Renaissance boldly departed from medieval styles and conventions. Likewise, literature written during the Italian Renaissance was beginning to change. Writers such as Niccole Machiavelli attempted to understand human nature. While medieval political theorists were under the agreement that politics was a branch of ethics.Niccole Machiavelli in his political book The Prince argues that since people are basically bad, rulers may have to behave inappropriately as well (Soppy, 2009, p. 81). In addition to Latin, which was the language of the Church, humanist writers began to use the vernacular. Italian Renaissance humanism differed from the humanist movement that developed in Northern Europe. While both shared a revival of classical learning, rather humanists were driven by religious ideals. Northern humanists placed more of an emphasis on man being the highest of Gods creatures (Nickels, 2000).RenaissanceHow Did the Renaissance Change Mans View of Man? The Renaissance was a period of big change peasants become more self-sufficient. More and in European history. It was a time of intellectual more serfs gained their freedom a nd no longer excitement, when art and literature blossomed depended on lords. Some freed serfs migrated and groundbreaking scientific advances were made. Over the course of about 300 years , the Renaissance spread from its home base in Italy to western and northern Europe. The effect was like a sunrise making its way across the land.To understand the changes the Renaissance produced, it helps to review what European society was like before it arrived. The time period before the Renaissance is usually called the Middle Ages, which stretched from the fall of the Roman Empire around 500 CE to about 1350. During the Middle Ages, the Roman Catholic Church and the Pope were the primary players in Europe. The custodians of culture -that is, the people who owned most of the books and made handwritten copies of the Bible -were priests who often lived a closed existence inside the walls of monasteries.School s were few. Illiteracy was widespread. Most of the population, more than 85 percent, was peasant farmers called serfs who worked for a lord and his estate. Serfs were little more than slaves. Both serfs and their masters looked to the Catholic Church and the Bible to explain the world. The art and literature that existed focussed on Jesus Christ and sin. In the sass, important changes began to happen. Improved farming methods helped to towns, where they took up trades. The number of merchants and bankers increased.Since these people needed to have an education to effectively carry on their work, literacy spread. Eventually, educated people began to question the teachings of the Church. A movement called humanism developed, which praised the beauty and intelligence of the individual. As more people became educated, humanism worked its way into the arts, literature, the sciences, and medicine. The early Renaissance was especially vigorous in the city-states of Italy -places like Rome, Venice, Florence, and Milan.The invention of he printing press in the mid-sass gave the Renaissance and humanism even more momentum. Initially, the dust seance was an upper-middle class movement, but thanks to the mechanization of printing, shopkeepers and street sweepers were able to afford books and articles that discussed the new ideas spreading across Europe. As a result, people started to look at themselves in a new way. But what, exactly, was this new way? Examine the documents that follow and answer the question How did the Renaissance change man s view foeman ?RenaissanceRenaissance 14th-17th Century -meaner revival, also, rebirth revival of interest in ancient Greek, Roman culture, humanist scholars attempted to rid feudalistic Europe of Church domination and conservatism -old sciences revived, new science emerged -national languages and cultures took shape, free from Roman Church authorityart and literature flourished -began in Florence Italy, spread to all of Europe Due to its geographic position, foreign trade and commerce developed in Italy. accumul ation of wealth Rise of Humanism As wealth hoard in Italy, an increased interest in other things.Nun, academies, libraries, study. Time and money for things of beauty. Intellectuals freed from training of priests and spreading Christian faith, began to represent the views of the bourgeoisie, providing middle class with new philosophies and ideas . heart humanist philosophy The greatness of man. See page 131, Shakespeare quotation promotion of wealth, pleasure, admiration for human body medieval brooding about death and other world replaced by interest in living for resent and future progress of mankind.Literature Vacation Dodecahedron-tale of 7 women and 3 men on way to flight Black Death. Witty, naughty, praise of true love, wisdom. Began to express the voices of modern society. Considered greatest prose achievement in medieval literature. Patriarch- Canneries book of lyrical songs. His works expressed true emotions. Art A break with medieval tradition at end of 13th c. Slowed up by Black Death. Revived Early 1 5th century, a persistent break with medieval tradition. -art broke away fromChurch domination artists, considered craftsman by church, became distinct class like writers and poetsthose considered to do noble work. themes once focused on Bible, now reflected an interest/appreciation for all aspects of man and nature. Reflected reality in depictionmuscles, sinews, and so on . Artists studied ruins of ancient roman and Greek temples, putting many of the perceived principles of ancient civilization into their works. Also, individual collectors began to support themrather than Church exclusively. -introduced into the works, scientific theories and principles of anatomy and proportion. Early artists Sotto?more realistic depiction of space Donatedsculptor, seek to intro. Ancient principles into his work, also engaged in anatomy for knowledge of body. David, a biblical hero in perfect proportions. High Renaissance Leonardo protoactinium Vinci Renaissan ce man Scientist, architect, engineer, sculptor. Mona Lisa, Last Supper 2 of the most famous paintings in world. Scientist, architect, engineer, sculptor.Michelangelo sculptor, painter, architect, poet went beyond decoration and realism, sought freedom of expression. David, Sistine Chapel Raphael Sweetness of temper, harmony, balance serial publication of Madonna paintings, School of Athensdepicting Plato and Aristotle arguing, surrounded by audience in variety of postures. Titian Great colorist, became a model for the later modern mode of painting. Also established oil paint on canvas as the typical medium in western art Reclining Nude, Sacred and load love.

Determining the Rate of Reaction When Reacting Magnesium Powder with Hydrochloric Acid Essay

AimTo determine the calculate of reception forResearch QuestionWhat force does the submerging of hydrochloric acid have on the invest of chemical reply when combined with magnesium powder?HypothesisI hypothesise that the volume of enthalpy suck produced bequeath increase at a steep, but steady rate as the concentration of hydrochloric acid increases, until the concentration is equal to 1.0 mole dm-3. in that locationfore, the rate of reaction will remain constant until this point. I suggest this concentration because the standard concentration of hydrochloric acid used in general experiments is usually 1 mol dm-3. I then theorize that the rate of reaction will gradually decrease until the gradient of the graph (effect of increasing concentration of HCl against the volume of hydrogen produced line graph 1) becomes 0.VariablesType of VariableVariableEnsured byDependent Variable* Time Taken* Timed using stop clock* heap of Hydrogen Gas Produced* Experiment repeated three tim e & Average takenIndependent Variable (quantitative)* Concentration of HCl(aq)* 8 concentrations were usedControlled Variables* Temperature* Water bathroom was used* Thermometer placed in water bath* Mass of Magnesium* employ a 3 d.p. balance* Surface Area of Magnesium* Used powder & made sure hand was the same* Volume of Hydrochloric Acid* A burette was used to measure volumeRequirements* water bath (30oC)* 500cm3 conelike flask* rubber stopper* delivery tubing* measuring cylinder* clamp stand* stop clock* 0.06g magnesium powder* 20cm3 hydrochloric acid* 3 d.p. balance* spatula* weighing boat* burette (x2)* thermometer in water trough* safety gogglesApparatusTechnical Notes1) The magnesium powder should be as pure as possible. It should be stored in a clean and dry environment to ensure that no impurities (such as cause of oxidation) prevent the collection of finished data.2) Eye protection is necessary due to the use of hydrochloric acid tiny bubbles may cause irritation of eyes.3) Rubber, instead of cork, must be used as the material for the bungs. Cork is too porous and will leak.4) No naked flames should be present hydrogen gas is extremely flammableMethod1. The solutions were alert with a calculated combination of hydrochloric acid and water, to produce 8 different concentrations of 20cm3 hydrochloric acid2. The apparatus was set up as shown in the diagram. The trough was fractional filled with water3. The measuring cylinder was filled with water, and remained full whilst being turned upside-down (as in diagram)4. The magnesium powder was added to the conical flask rapidly and the bung was replaced as fast as possible to prevent any gas escaping. The stop clock was started.5. The volume of the gas was then collected in the measuring cylinder, measured and recorded after 30 seconds6. Steps 3-5 was repeated three times with fresh materials, and an average volume of gas collated was calculated for that concentration7. This process (steps 1-6) was repeated for the 7 other concentrations (0.25 2.00M)8. The rate of reaction was then calculated for each of the concentrationsObservations* As the magnesium powder reacted with the hydrochloric acid, fizzing on the come along was evidence of a reaction taking place.ConclusionFrom my data and calculations, I determined the rate of reaction (for concentration of HCl 0.25 to 2.00M) to be between 0.24 and 1.14 (respectively) 11.68%.The rate of reaction is affected by a number of factors. Increasing the concentration of reactants will usually cause the rate of reaction increase. A higher concentration will mean that there is more of the reactant to collide together and react.By measuring the volume of gas (hydrogen) evolved at each concentration, I was able to calculate the rate of reaction for each of the concentrations.The volume of gas evolved increases as the concentration of HCl (aq) increase, as does the rate of reaction (the gradient of line graph 1). However, the graph showin g the rate of concentration against average volume of gas (i.e. showing the rate of reaction) begins to level off at 1.25M, and not 1.00M, as I hypothesised.This could be associated to one or many of the random or systematic errors, resulting in 11.68% uncertainty for the value of rate of reaction. It could also be that my hypothesis was proved wrong on this account.There is no standard rate of reaction, as it is different for each trial, since the rate of reaction is dependent on concentration. There is not single rate of reaction for this type of experiment.EvaluationVariablePossible ProblemsPreventionTemperature of Hydrochloric AcidIf the temperature increases, it could be the cause of any change in rate of reaction & would mask the effects of the change in concentrationThe flask was placed in a water bath set at 30oC in order to keep it at a constant temperature & eliminate this as an independent variableVolume of Hydrochloric AcidIf the volume varies, it could be responsible fo r an increase or decrease in the rate of reaction & it would not be a reliable experiment20cm3 of hydrochloric acid was used for every experimentMass of Magnesium PowderIf the mass increases, it would alter the rate of reaction & would cause inaccurate results0.06g of magnesium powder was used for every experiment

Finding Nemo Lens Paper

When one vie was a dissipate or TV show with an analytical perspective, one can quickly rationalize the concealed discrepant sees infix in the raw science of the show. Race has been endlessly been portrayed in a series of film s, including those disclosed to the young audience, which leads one to question, why does that f recently occur ? Race is prevalent in this film given the actions of the characters influenced by their e environmental factors, and the reciprocating reactions of the others.Sadly, one must take into account t hat this childrens movie frequents and depicts the distinctions of race revealed throughout the viewing g, that of which resonates with choices current position. The prime examples of this be unveiled spend GHz the characters of Marlin, the sharks, including the humans who intrude and disturb the depths of the sea,of which they have not been summoned to. To begin with, we receive an introduction of Marlin, the clumsy character, who in reality does not e mbody some(prenominal) aspect of humor or delight .When he encounters the p resent of the other fish population, such as the parents of Memos classmates or the sharks he is quiz unhealthy targeted by erroneous assumptions of him being humorous and further solicit a joke from him, thus sponsoring such allegation when he proceeds in doing so and demonstrates otherwise. Clownish are n o funnier than any other Valued 2 fish. This is an instance of racial profiling from the other fish order toward s Marlin.At his disadvantage this is a situation that resonates with him and does not cease to exist as he is always opposed against the same situation numerous times. One could argue that Marlin is the representation of the minority class , as they are always acquainted with the notion of being estranged to this land, and just clarify that they are not newcomers to the territory they once possessed Furthermore, the humans are held responsible for destruction according to t he fish , and a re the sole founders of any inhabiting and potential mistake. Humans think they 0 win boththing, probably Americans. Due to the interruption and chaos of the humans such as when Memo is extracted from his home and confined to the walls of the army tank in a dental office, the huh mans exhibit pride and objectionable Memo, without considering the harm they have committed. The humans are the ones to accuse for any mishap and decay. In addition, the sharks are retracted as vicious predators tainted with deceit, and their every tactic is fickle and volatile.

Political Philosophy and United States Essay

1. 1 Trace the origins of Ameri canful regimen What is a country? How does a democracy resist from other forms of judicature in both practical and theoretical terms? What requirements must be met for a government to be called a democracy? Which of the democratic ideals do you foresee as not organism achieved in Iraq, and wherefore? Will Iraq still be considered a democracy without this ideal? From the other forms of government mentioned in this chapter, argue for a better form of government for Iraq than a democracy. 1. 2 Show how European political thought provided the theoretical foundations of American government.1 Can socialism coexist with democracy? Is great economic freedom essential to democracy? Can the unequal economic outcomes of capitalism be considered monarchal? In his 1651 Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes observed that without government, life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. Justify his argument. With this justification, justify the existence of gov ernment as it presently operates in the United States today. What demographic and socioeconomic factors do you think atomic number 18 occupyd to democracy? Wealth? Education? A homogeneous population?Can you find countries that dont fill up your expectations? Does democracy require equality of income and wealth? Does majority rule undermine freedom and threaten soulfulness rights? What was James Madisons view, and what is your reaction? 1. 3 Describe American political culture, and identify the staple fibre tenets of American democracy 1 deal the theories of elitism and pluralism as explanations of how American government works. Harold Lasswells book, Politics Who Gets What, When, and How, can be seen as associated with the often-made statement Its not what you k outright, but who you know. How do the two different statements relate to each other, as well as to present-day political realities? Americans often possess a wholesome cynicism of government, whether grown or small . Identify the reasons for such beliefs and how government should attempt to address these. Can a fewer elite decision makers control all important decisions made in the United States today? slightly leaders are made by climbing the ladder of success rather than being natural into power classes. How does this approach comparability to elitism versus the approach defined as pluralism? How does democracy in America compare to democracy in other parts of the world?What are the most important sources of stability in American government? What are the most important forces for change in American government? deem the United States passed a constitutional amendment requiring all eligible citizens to vote, what would be the advantages and disadvantages of this measure? Do you agree with the statement, Equality, individualism, and openness are the crucial values of American authorities in the twenty-first century? Although there is far-flung support for the concepts of freedom and libe rty in America, there have been m both intrusions into basic rights in American history.Can you explain why we find such discrepancies in an area where we also find approximately complete mankind support for the general principle? 1. 4 Explain the brings of American government 1 What are some of the goals of terrorist acts? How can terrorism affect the paradox of democracy? How can/should democracies respond? moldiness security come at the price of liberties? How can democracies, particularly the United States, deal with new restrictions compel as a result of terrorist acts/threats? Identify the roles of government and the concept of public goods. Are there any other institutions, other than government, which might be charged with performing the roles of government? Is such a context realistic? What can individual American citizens do to influence the actions and policies of their government? Name some ship canal in which government policies influences your normal work/school d ay. Study the statements of President George Bush on the inquire to encourage the spread of democracy in the Middle East. Is this a good goal for the United States? Is it a practical goal? 1. 5 Analyze the changing characteristics of the American public.1 Define and discuss politics in the business setting, the health-care setting, and the educational institution setting. What are the similarities and differences between politics in government and in the identified settings? Discuss the argument that most of American life is organized in anti-democratic fashion. In the family, the school, the factory, the office, and the church, decisions are made by the powerful, without much concern for majority opinion. Discuss ways whereby much Americans would be more likely to participate in U. S. political life.Use the beginning of the twenty-first century to stimulate your thought approximately how should we be governed. What are the strengths of our democracy in the new millennium? Our w eaknesses? wherefore? And what should we do about them? Todays Americans often question the American vision. What is the American Dream and how could you go about proving that the Dream is still alive or that the Dream is dying? What types of evidence would you need and where might you find it? Discuss the idea that if more citizens could attend college, then democracy would be strengthened in America.Is this assumption true or not and why? Given the remarkable diversity in America, how is the country able to function as smoothly as it does? Does this diversity threaten to make the country less governable now than in the past? 1. 6 Assess the role of political ideology in shaping American politics 1 Think about the role and size of government as central to contemporaneous American politics. Is the scope of government too broad, too narrow, or just about right? Discuss, development contemporary examples, what is meant by government being too big. Do you disagree with what too b ig is? Why? Why dont Americans divide themselves into social classes? Why hasnt the Communist Party caught on in America? What are both the weaknesses and strengths of direct democracy? Assume that millions of American televisions could be pendant up to a centralized computer system that in turn could register instantaneously the publics views on issues (yes or no responses). Would this be a plus or minus for American democracy? 1. 7 Characterize changes in Americans attitudes toward and expectations of government.1 Periodically, civil disobedience has been used to reform government processes, procedures, and even law. In the light of often-identified needs of society, what subjects today appear to justify civil disobedience? Today, large proportions of Americans believe that most or all politicians are corrupt, that government serves the interest of the few, and that government is dominated by the wealthy and powerful. Evaluate these statements. Discuss whether or not the tragic e vents of September 11, 2001 changed the increasingly detached look of Americans.Do you feel the events of September 11, 2001 changed the way Americans view immigrants and/or foreign visitors/tourists? Should English be the semiofficial language of the United States, and should all governmental business be conducted in English? Why, or why not? Discuss what could be done, either by the media or by politicians themselves, to refurbish the image of elected officials today vis-a-vis the public. How can the idea of politics as an honorable profession be inculcated, by chance even in contemporary American youth?

How Does Willy Russell Create Mood Essay

In the summer Sequence Willy Russells three main protagonists be shown to grow up from the ages of 15 to 18, thus worthy adults throughout the meter. This means that the sequence acts as a watershed in the respect that it marks a major turning point in the play. This is shown through the atmosphere that Russell get tos, which goes from fairly positive, hopeful tone to a more cynical and desperate one over the duration of the sequence. Russell uses several techniques to create these atmospheres throughout.In the enterprise of the Summer Sequence the atmosphere is clearly a happy one, which is shown by Russell by using deli precise like young, free and innocent to describe the characters. In this section, the word innocent is used twice. This repetition emphasises their jejuneness and their naivety. You fuddlent got a care, suggests Russell is trying to create an image of the characters as existence without concern, altogether free of worry so it reinforces the absolute happ iness of the characters.a nonher(prenominal) adjective that occurs later in the song is immortal which at this stage of the play creates an atmosphere of excitement and spontaneity because the children cant gestate of an block off to their current lives. A technique that Russell uses starts to use here is imagery, streets turned to enlightenment, the word paradise bring to mind an idea of secure and complete happiness, which is how he describes them in this verse. A nonher technique is personification, radios singing dreams, giving the radio the ability to do almostthing that brings happiness or joy.This line also works the first term the motif of dreams appears, one that recurs throughout the sequence. The nigh famed part of the sequence is completedly stage directions, and shows the characters at a fairground. In this part of the sequence the or so obvious technique is foreshadowing and motifs arising. In it, Linda is just ignored by the narrator, who is running the stall, when giving the grinder to them, but the boys both insist Linda fires it, which is reminiscent of the first gear of the play when Linda takes the airgun from Mickey and beats him at firing at cans.Linda also used to control their social situations, lets throw some stones through them windows. This scene is also very reliant on the gun motif that runs through the entire play which creates a darker and more ill atmosphere, and that suggests a level of violence. The fairground scene is also reflected in the musical theater choice, which is fairground-like music that plays to the tune of Tell me its not true, the song Mrs Johnstone sings at the very beginning of the play while her devil sons lie dead on the stage.So, again this ties in with the interviews awareness of the boys tragical fate, thus, creating a foreshadowing atmosphere and suggests impending disaster. This links with the gun motif, as together these cases create a sense of impending violence and death. The last line of this section of stage directions is Linda is caught in the middle, the post freezes. This creates a dark atmosphere as throughout the play Linda is al tracks seen to be caught in between the two boys, but so far, it has never ended badly. In this instance, however, it foreshadows the fates of all three characters.The use of the word game, referring to a game of piggy-in-the-middle, could suggest that the context of the play when Linda gets caught up in her own happiness which eventually leads to the tragic fate of the twins. Overall, this section is of a darker tone than the last, but this atmosphere is created through the subtext, so the interview may not be fully aware of why they feel this way about the atmosphere. This is feature through the presence of the narrator, who throughout the play appears on stage to signify or prompt something blackball to happen.He hands them the gun, and prompts the game of piggy-in-the-middle that Linda gets caught between. The next section uses metaphors to create a dark, impending atmosphere, that is more openly sinister that the previous section. Russell refers to the characters are Lambs in spring, which suggests not only their innocence and naivety, but an necessary fate, specifically one that is forced upon them, not of their own doing. This explicitly refers to the brothers fate in a way in which the last section didnt, so the tone is far more marred by the eventuality of their deaths.This date is also origind when Russell extends the metaphor, fate the later seasons bring, which causes the reference to remember the scene at the very beginning of the play, preventing them from being drawn into the initial happiness of the three teenagers in this sequence. Again, it refers to Linda being caught in the middle of the pair, foreshadowing their final argument. It also refers to Linda paying a price, a theme that was initially shown in the song Easy Terms, sung by Mrs Johnstone, and in both cases foreshadows the pr ice theyll curb to pay for their involvement in the twins lives.The music becomes far more serious and sinister, a clamant tense note with no actual melody. In the next section a recurring theme is shown with the references to time. This creates a sad, melancholic atmosphere, as the audience is aware of the characters significant lack of time together, but the characters are not, so their happy unawareness and this dramatic irony is slightly poignant. Again, fate is reference by the narrator care not for whats at the end of the day, again forcing the audience to remember the fate of the boys, this enhances the melancholy mood of the section.What is to come, what might have been, references both the eventualities of the play, whilst also suggesting they could have been happy, that it could have they could have been happier, depressing the mood even further. It is made poignant by the characters blissful ignorance, life has no endingTalk away the night, which ties in with the earlie r references of immorality. Again, this dramatic irony, where the audience know that the boys lives do have endings that are fast approaching, almost makes the audience beg them to not waste their time talk away the night.Share your last cigarette also ties into the earlier scene where Mickey and Eddie trade things, such as sweets and later cigarettes, they promise to dispense things in their blood brothers pact but they cannot share Linda. Arguably the downfall of both brothers, meaning that this watersheds atmosphere is wholly dark. In the next section it is all stage directions, but Russell uses foreshadowing and the use of the narrators presence to create a seemingly happy atmosphere that still foreshadows tragedy. In it, the trip are taking photos of individually other at the beach.In the one between Eddie and Linda, Eddie down on one knee and demonstrating affections by kissing her hand. Throughout the play, Linda has shaped Eddies personality and actions, such as coercing him to throw rocks, and Eddie has appeared to like her from the very beginning and so this foreshadows the dynamics of their later relationship. Mickey and Lindas photo does the same, as Mickey pulls a distorted face, and Linda chastening him for it, which foreshadows Mickeys later dependency on medication, and Lindas efforts to succor him get off them. This foreshadowing of tragic events, in a way that appears innocent creates aneerie, disconcerting atmosphere.As there are no words, it cant openly reference whats to come, but uses what the characters work out is a harmless and happy moment. This is compounded by the musical choice, which is again Tell me its not true, as fairground music. Again, this foreshadows the final scene, creating a foreboding atmosphere without explicit reference as to why it appears that way. In this scene we see the characters taking pictures of them at the beach, these photos are memories of the last time the three of them are all truly happy. Therefo re, the photographs signify the end of their childhood and innocence and dreams.This made clearer by the narrator being the one to take the photographs, thus being the one who signifies the end of their childhoods and lives. The children literally become adults at the end of the beach scene in the Summer Sequence, as well as metaphorically. Because the narrator is a sinister figure throughout the play, and usually is there to prompt the occurrence of something tragic, it creates a sense of impending tragedy even more obvious in this scene. The picture that the narrator takes is of them all together, happy, so he not only brings their childhood to a close, but also their happiness and friendship.In a sense, he symbolises honesty as he intrudes on their happiness, despite their ignorance and the audiences desire for him not to do so. He also represents society as it is eventually social constraints of class and wealth that divide the two. This way the audience are forced to see the s ociety that they are part of and this is the factor that brings the story to an end. The fact that he appears to them as a friendly, even helpful, face increases the audiences wariness of him and therefore the sinister temper of the scene.The overriding atmosphere of the scene is the last section is one of desperation and uncertainty. Russell uses metaphors such as unkept bottles in the sand to symbolise a man-made impression on something naive and happy, which symbolises the characters friendship and how it is change by class. The motif of a dream is repeated, as is the theme of innocence. The references to dreams ties in with the song tell me its not true, which refers to dreams. The reference to innocence here again makes the trio seem devious to the fact that they go out be subject to tragedy.